Managerial Systems and Operations Management Essay

Administrative Systems and Operations Management - Essay Example No association will ever need to have disappointed clients, to accomplish proficiency an arrangement is expected to improve the efficiency of the organization. Once in a while an impromptu methodology might be utilized on most straightforward grounds that may require exceptionally little changes. Laid out plans must be started to examinations the dangers that are related with a specific usage system in achieving the drafted venture. The last alternative to be considered is the viability of the undertaking to the association, these goes about as an appraisal into the genuine usefulness of the venture in helping association execution. This paper investigations a portion of the issues looked by Marston Lodge, which over the long haul hinder its exhibition in the market. The paper will basic survey the effects of these issues and think of critical arrangements that will pad the issues. A nitty gritty arrangement will display what will survey the related expenses and the methodology that will be taken while starting the task. Last the finish of the paper will portray how the innovative undertaking impacts on the degrees of execution in the Hotel ; this will think about the necessities of representatives and the board towards fulfillment of value creation (Koontz and Weihrich, 2010). Marston Lodge is a case of an association that is working under negligible creation levels. Various grumblings hailed towards the organization. For example, long lines and poor states of the rooms portray that administration and the representatives are not paying attention to their employments and moving in the direction of achieving the set targets of the organization. This defeats the endeavors of the lodging on benefit amplification. The more Marston Lodge keeps without tending to these difficulties, the quicker it debases an in the long run getting bankrupt. What is likewise apparent from the case situation is the way that Marston Lodge is utilizing numerous assets to prepare its workers yet creations levels in the

The Lesson Free Essays

The story â€Å"The Lesson,† by Toni Cade Bambara, is about a little youngster named Sylvia who is joined by a gathering of her companions from her neighborhood and her old neighbor named Ms. Moore, who attempts to show every one of them a thing or two about existence. â€Å"The Lesson† is a sensible story that happens in the mid-twentieth century that epitomizes the genuine distinction among upper and lower classes during that timespan. We will compose a custom paper test on The Lesson or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now In spite of the fact that Sylvia may put on a show of being a mean and presumptuous young lady, you can tell toward the end that there is something more profound to Sylvia when she starts to think about her ay with Ms. Moore and really appears to pick up something out of the circumstance and you can reveal to Just how much sharp of an onlooker she genuinely is. All through the whole story, it is plainly demonstrated that Sylvia is a mean young lady. Right when Ms. Moore is presented toward the start of the story, Sylvia portrays how she feels about her. â€Å"And we kinda despised her† (Bambara 60). She likewise says, â€Å"And I’m truly detesting this nappy head bitch† (Bambara 60). In spite of the fact that Ms. Moore is helping the youngsters full scale, Sylvia doesn’t appear to mind and doesn’t even need to give her a possibility. Another model for when Sylvia shows Just how mean she could be is correct when she begins conversing with Ms. Moore with the various children about cash and about them setting off to the toy store, Sylvia makes reference to different things that she would prefer to do. â€Å"And would much rather grab Sugar and go to the Sunset and threaten the West Indian children and take their hair strips and their cash too† (Bambara 61). In addition to the fact that Sylvia comes across as an inconsiderate young lady towards her companions and to the individuals she really knows, yet to other arbitrary kids. She puts on a show of being the local harasser. Extra evidence to show Just how mean Sylvia can be is the point at which she asks Ms. Moore why she carried every one of them to the toy store. Ms. Moore just discloses to Sylvia that she sounds furious and asks why she is frantic. â€Å"I’m distraught, however I won’t give her the satisfaction† (Bambara 64). In any event, when Ms. Moore Just attempts to perceive what is pestering Sylvia, she has a disposition. In spite of the fact that it was Just a basic inquiry, and Ms. Moore didn’t mean it in a mean manner, Sylvia still needs to appear to be this inconsiderate young lady. Indeed, even at the earliest reference point of â€Å"The Lesson,† you would already be able to tell that Sylvia is an ocky individual. The creator opens up the story demonstrating an away from of Just how arrogant Sylvia can be. â€Å"Everyone was old and inept or youthful and absurd and me and Sugar were the main ones Just right† (Bambara 60). Sylvia is inferring that with regards to her companions and every other person she is encircled by, she is eventually superior to them all. Sylvia’s close disapproved of arrogant disposition is additionally indicated when Ms. Moore is talking about cash with the youngsters. Sylvia goes about as though she knows it all and Ms. Moore is uninformed for raising such a basic subject about how cash functions. What's more, Miss Moore inquiring as to whether we realize what cash is, similar to, a lot of retards† (Bambara 60). Thinking about Ms. Moore is attempting to do the little youngsters a the method of her holding the genuine incentive out of what Ms. Moore needs to state. Increasingly evidence to show Just how arrogant Sylvia is, is at the finish of the story. After the day is finished with Ms. Moore, the kids conclude they will go to Hascombs and get cream soda’s. Sylvia’s cousin, Sugar inquires as to whether she might want the race down there. â€Å"She can run in the event that she need to and even run quicker. Be that as it may, ain’t no one going to beat me at nuthin† (Bambara 65). Considering all that she had Just experienced and getting a rude awakening about existence, Sylvia is still so persuaded that she is the best. This shows exactly how much certainty she really has in herself and yet her significant level of certainty is effortlessly confused with presumptuousness. In spite of the fact that Sylvia’s mentality frequently defeats her and she is by all accounts Just a discourteous young lady, at the finish of the story you can advise that there is significantly more to her than you may might suspect. You can show signs of improvement comprehension of Just how sharp of a young lady she genuinely is after the day with Ms. Moore reaches a conclusion. At the point when the youngsters all choose to go get cream soda’s at Hascomb’s, Sylvia chooses to not Join in with the remainder of them. You can tell she has a great deal experiencing her brain subsequent to experiencing reality by Ms. Moore. I’m setting off toward the West End and afterward over to the Drive to think this day through† (Bambara 65). You can expect that in spite of the fact that Sylvia is too difficult to even think about admitting that she has really gotten something out of that day, she minds her own business and chooses to consider what she had been presented. Some other time that Sylvia appears to allow her watchman to down and sort of shows how she is perceptive to her urroundings is the point at which she is going to stroll into the toy store. She doesn’t comprehend what the serious deal is tied in with heading inside and yet she Just doesn’t feel great about going in. Be that as it may, I feel entertaining, shame† (Bambara 63). Now Sylvia starts to understand that there is something to this excursion to the toy store. For a second she doesn’t feel as arrogant and is practically uncertain with herself to where she can’t carry herself enough mental fortitude to Just stroll into the toy store. It appears that Ms. Moore’s exercise does really influence Sylvia over the l ong haul. She ets her mean, presumptuous mien down Just long enough to show the peruser that she really got something out of that day. Considering the way that she does just have that short second of where you see her entire demeanor change, you can see Just how stuck in a rut she genuinely is. From putting on a show of being a discourteous young lady all through the whole story and afterward out of nowhere for that brief timeframe you get the opportunity to see her really think about what she saw, you can improve thought that there is something else entirely to Sylvia than what is shown to the peruser all through the term of the story. Step by step instructions to refer to The Lesson, Papers

How to Write a thesis Paragraph For Research Paper

How to Write a thesis Paragraph For Research PaperYou have written an outstanding thesis paper, the contents are attractive and seem to be very convincing but at the end of the day, you still need to know how to write a thesis paragraph for a research paper. The first thing you should do is sit down and organize your thoughts and ideas. A thesis is nothing but a series of ideas and concepts that you have researched and written in order to present your ideas to the reader. Thus, while writing a thesis, always remember to write down your thoughts and ideas at least two days before you submit your paper.As you begin writing your thesis, make sure that you do not miss any ideas that you may have in mind. If you get a reference or an article that will help you write your thesis in the right manner, go ahead and keep it on your table or put it on the top of your reading pile. Before you even think about writing your thesis, you should remember to organize your thoughts and ideas. When you are going through your notes, you should find all the references and things that will help you organize your thoughts and ideas in the right manner. Make sure that you write down everything you want to remember as you proceed in your work.Your thesis will become powerful if you follow these simple steps. First, you should organize your thoughts and ideas. Next, you should make a start on how to write a thesis paragraph for a research paper. Then, you should look at the style guide and check out your grammar and punctuation. Lastly, you should organize your ideas and knowledge in a chronological way.The first step in organizing your thoughts and ideas is to divide your time into three parts. This will help you organize your thoughts and ideas into three sections that will suit your own requirements. First, you should divide your time into writing, typing and reviewing. Then, you should start with writing. This would involve writing the introduction, the thesis statement, the body and conclusion.The second part of organizing your thoughts and ideas involves the time spent on typing. It is time consuming work but it is essential to make your thesis great.Finally, review the work done in reviewing the topic, its details and the basic fact. In the middle of your work, you should read more about the subject and its basic facts. Finally, you should check out all the references. This will help you organize your thoughts and ideas for the writing of your thesis.However, you should remember that the purpose of a thesis is to state your proper research. You should note that a thesis should be based on the facts and no matter how accurate you think you are, you should not exaggerate the facts to make the statement sound more convincing.These are the basic steps in learning how to write a thesis paragraph for a research paper. Keep these simple steps in mind, and you will soon be able to write a thesis successfully.

Notificar que residente se convierte ciudadano

Cuando un residente permanente que tiene pendiente una peticià ³n de papeles para su esposo/a   o de sus hijos solteros se convierte en ciudadano puede considerar informar a Inmigracià ³n de su nuevo estatus, si eso acelera los trà ¡mites. En este artà ­culo se informa de cuà ¡l es el modelo de carta que se puede utilizar. Ademà ¡s, se explican 2 casos de peticià ³n de familiar que no son posibles para los residentes pero sà ­ para los ciudadanos: hijos casados de cualquier edad y peticià ³n mediante ajuste de estatus de algunos cà ³nyuges indocumentados. Cundo escribir la carta de cambio de peticin Cuando el solicitante era residente permanente al presentar la solicitud pero ahora ya es ciudadano americano.Tiene una peticià ³n I-130 aprobadaSe està ¡ esperando por una  visa  de inmigrante (tarjetas de residencia) disponible. Esto sucede porque el nà ºmero de residencias que se pueden conceder por aà ±o fiscal para esposos de residentes està ¡ sujeto a un mà ¡ximo. Y como el nà ºmero de solicitudes es mà ¡s grande que el nà ºmero de visas disponibles por eso puede ocurrir que haya que esperar a que llegue lo que se conoce como fecha de prioridad. Sin embargo, las peticiones de esposos o de hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os realizadas por ciudadanos no està ¡n sujetas a ese là ­mite. Por esta razà ³n puede resultar mà ¡s rà ¡pido si se sigue con el procedimiento como ciudadano. Para los casos de peticià ³n de hijo soltero mayor de 21 aà ±os, verificar con el boletà ­n de visas si es mà ¡s conveniente cambiar la peticià ³n a ciudadano o mantener la misma. Solicitud de una actualizacin de la peticin de marido o mujer o hijo soltero menor de 21 aos   Se hace por carta escrita en inglà ©s. Si la haces a mano, utiliza tinta negra y que la letra sea legible. Lo mejor es hacerla por computadora. Siempre tiene que ir fechada y firmada. A continuacià ³n verà ¡s un ejemplo que puedes seguir sustituyendo los datos ficticios por los reales de tu caso. Al final de la carta verà ¡s una explicacià ³n de quà © significa cada cosa: 139 59th AvenueWoodside, Queens NY 11333(249) 222-222 September 24th, 2013 National Visa Center32 Rochester AvenuePortsmounth, NH 03801-2909 RE: Petitioner: Maria Luz Rodriguez         Beneficiary: Carlos Perez Sanchez         Preference: 2A, Spouse of LRP         Case Number: CDJ2012622002 Dear Sir/Madam: I am the petitioner in the above case. I recently became a U.S. citizen. A copy of both my citizenship certificate and my  I-130 approval notice are enclosed.   Please, upgrade my husband, Carlos Pà ©rez Sà ¡nchez, from category 2A to immediate relative.   Thanks Marà ­a Luz Rodrà ­guez Encl: Copy of the U.S. citizenship certificate and copy of my  I-130 approval notice. Cmo entender la carta Empezar escribiendo la direccià ³n del solicitante (el ahora ciudadano americano) y a continuacià ³n el nà ºmero de telà ©fono.Dirigirse al Centro Nacional de Visas (NVC). La direccià ³n es real y es el lugar al que debes enviar la carta.RE: hace referencia al asunto que se va a tratar. En petitioner  escribir el nombre del ciudadano y en beneficiary  el del cà ³nyuge para el que se ha solicitado la tarjeta de residencia. En preference  hay que escribirlo asà ­, 2A significa que se habà ­a hecho la peticià ³n para el cà ³nyuge de un residente, que es lo que quiere decir LPR.En cuanto al case number  es el que aparece en cualquier correspondencia que hayas tenido con el NVC. Consta de tres letras seguido de diez nà ºmeros. Si no lo tienes, llama al (603) 334-0700. Ten a mano el nà ºmero de caso del USCIS (mira en las comunicaciones del USCIS al que enviaste la aplicacià ³n I-130). No confundir los dos nà ºmeros porque nada tienen que ver. Tambià ©n puedes solicitar ese dato por correo electrà ³nico escribiendo a: NVCINQUIRYstate.gov. Incluye en el correo el nà ºmero de caso del USCIS, el nombre y fecha de nacimiento tanto de la persona que hace la peticià ³n como de la beneficiaria (es decir, ambos esposos). Y pà ­deles que te den cuà ¡l es el Case Number de tu caso. El texto de la letra se puede copiar exactamente con la precaucià ³n de cambiar husband por wife cuando se trate de una mujer a quien se pide y de poner el nombre correcto de dicha persona.Por à ºltimo, acuà ©rdate de firmar la carta y de incluir copia (no original) de tu certificado de ciudadanà ­a y de la notificacià ³n de aprobacià ³n del I-130. Consejo sobre el envo de la carta Aunque la carta se puede enviar por correo ordinario lo mejor es que certifiques la carta cuando acudas a la oficina de correos, para poder hacer un seguimiento a la carta y tener prueba de que la ha recibido.   Peticiones de hijos a otros hijos por parte de ciudadanos Los ciudadanos pueden pedir a sus hijos casados y los residentes no. Esa es una ventaja para hacerse ciudadano. Otra es que la peticià ³n de los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os no està ¡ sujeta a là ­mites anuales y, por ello su tramitacià ³n es mà ¡s rà ¡pida. Sin embargo, en los casos de peticiones de hijos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os verificar siempre el boletà ­n de visas mà ¡s actual para ver si es conveniente hacerse ciudadano o esperar como residente hasta el fin del proceso o cuà ¡les son las opciones. En estos casos asesorarse con un abogado migratorio reputado antes de enviar la solicitud para naturalizarse. Peticin de esposos indocumentados por ajuste de estatus Los cà ³nyuges de los residentes permanentes legales no pueden ajustar su estatus por matrimonio si està ¡n en Estados Unidos como indocumentados. Sin embargo, los esposos indocumentados de los ciudadanos sà ­ pueden hacerlo en 1 caso: si ingresaron legalmente a los Estados Unidos.   Por esta razà ³n, en algunos casos puede ser muy conveniente naturalizarse para asà ­ poder regularizar al cà ³nyuge, aunque tener en cuenta que en los casos en los que el esposo indocumentado ingresà ³ ilegalmente a los Estados Unidos no es posible ajustar el estatus. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Patterns Of Majority And Minority Interaction

The patterns of majority and minority interaction eventually play into prejudice and bigotry themes. Prejudice views differ from bigotry. In some form, a comparison can be drawn between ethnocentric ideas and prejudice ideas. When someone is ethnocentric, they believe their own values and customs to be superior to other cultures. From these ethnocentric ideas, which have been displayed throughout history, prejudice ideas occur. Prejudice ideas occur when a person makes a pre-judgment or assumption in regards to another ethnicity. Therefore, when one makes a pre-judgment they assume that they are unlike the group that they are judging. Bigotry on the other hand plays into the idea of discrimination in the sense that people are not approving of a particular minorities lifestyle or cultural values. Lecture number five does a nice job explaining how all three of these concepts work, â€Å"People tend to justify discrimination by rationalizing it on the ground that those whom they discri minate against are less worthy of respect or fair treatment than people like themselves† (Class notes, Lecture 5). An example of modern prejudice ideas or bigotry can be seen within how western countries discuss people of Islamic faith. One common stereotype that I’ve personally observed is that all Muslim people are â€Å"terrorists†. This unfortunate assumption has led to serious accounts of discrimination. It is entirely unfair to assume that because of a small collection of religious extremists in theShow MoreRelatedPatterns Of Interactionism And Colralism1013 Words   |  5 PagesOn the other hand, the sociologist has described four model patterns of interaction among the racial and ethnic in our society. Majority and minority patterns of interactions consist of pluralism, assimilation, segregation and genocide. Therefore, pluralism is based on when people of different social classes, religions and races are together in a society but have different traditions and interest. There are different real life examples of pluralism that goes on around the world. An example of realRead MoreThe Brewton Berrys Model Of Assimilation984 Words   |  4 PagesAssimilation patterns differ in societies that are characterized by paternalistic race relations than in societies characterized by competitive race relations. According to the lectures and readings, assimilation is defined as a process by which minority and majority groups are merged into some total societal unit. There are also three different type of assimilation which are Anglo (or dominant group) conformity, the Melting Pot, and cultural pluralism. Some additional concepts that go along withRead MoreRacism, Religion, and Family1549 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals, three had very similar ideas of racism: the oppression of a subgroup by the majority group because of racial or ethnic characteristics. The other two people defined racism as prejudice. Each individual, however, saw racism as a negative element of society. I too agree with this concept of racism being a negative blight to society that is being externally imposed on various subgroups by the majority group. The concept of family was the most similar. Here, the individ uals believed that familyRead MoreThe Agents Of Socialization : Andrew Vachss1233 Words   |  5 Pageschild protection consultant, and minority youth lawyer--once said, â€Å"All children are born pure egoists. They perceive their needs to the exclusion of all others. Only through socialization do they learn that some forms of gratification must be deferred and others denied† (Vachss). Vachss’ view that inequalities and prejudice are in fact learned behaviors is supported by analysis of the agents of socialization--the groups that â€Å"transmit their values, behavior patterns, and understandings of their socialRead MoreIncreasing Intercultural Competence and Tolerance in Multicultural Schools by Lebedeva, Makarova, and Tatarko1176 Words   |  5 Pagescaused by ethnic prejudices. Lebedeva et al. (2013) summarize the program goals as the following: reduce anxiety in intercultural interactions, overcome ethnic prejudices and negative stereotypes, form cognitive and emotional empathy, develop an isomorphic attribution of outgroup behavior, form a common identity, and model positive behavior patterns in intercultural interaction (p. 40) Using models from social and cross-cultural psychology, the program investigates intercultural relations and acculturationRead MoreSociological Imagination And Cultural Imagination796 Words   |  4 Pagesat Pat Hurley park and observe and analyze with the eyes of a sociologist. While at the park I was looking for social patterns in people’s behaviors. In order to see the social patterns, I needed to identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure. During my micro-level analysis of the small groups and individual interactions. I noticed a variety of patterns that existed which were race, gender, aging, family, class, and culture. There was a lot of diversity among the socialRead MoreCultural Interview Is An Indispensable Element Of One s Professional Success Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pagesbe used as an example to illustrate the particular features characterizing the voluntary minorities in the US. Subsequently, the correspondence between the received data and the concept of voluntary/involuntary minorities is to be considered the major interrelation between the interview and the theories discussed during the course. Being more precise, in accordance with Ogbu and Simons, the voluntary minorities are to be considered those groups of people who have moved to the US due to the expectationsRead MoreDebunking a Myth: a Structural Analysis of Gerstel and Sarkisian‚Äà ´s ‚Äà ºthe Color of Family Ties: Race, Class, Gender, and Extended Family Involvement‚Äà ¹976 Words   |  4 PagesInvolvement,† which appeared in Stephanie Coontz’s American Families: A Multicultural Re ader, Gerstel and Sarkisian present their professional opinions of the popular belief in America that White families have stronger kinship ties than those of minority families, namely Black and Latino/a. Gerstel and Sarkisian are professors of sociology at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and at Boston College, respectively; they are also highly acclaimed researchers, publishers, and experts surroundingRead MoreThe Role Of Institutional Racism During Bridging The Racial Divide1731 Words   |  7 Pages There is now an African-American president in the White House and there is now no visible trace of slavery in America. Racism, in the eyes of the majority is nonexistent. There is a wide assumption that minorities, especially blacks have progressed to the point where job and income equality is no longer a debate. The majority does not think of racism as a serious problem just because enough progress had been made. Some people think that some progress equates to s ufficient progress. HoweverRead MoreThe Conflict Resolution Of Sri Lanka1374 Words   |  6 Pagesissue that societies have faced since the genesis of human beings. Take, for example, the country of Sri Lanka. For years, Sri Lanka has been torn apart by the conflict between the Buddhist Sinhalese, who constitute the majority of the population, and the Hindu Tamil, who are the minority of the population. The country gained independence from the European rule in 1948. Since then, the country became a symbol of economic prosperity, political stability and harmony, particularly amongst third world countries

Freud s Theory Of Psychology - 1683 Words

One of Freud’s greatest contributions to psychology was the psychoanalytic theory. According to The American Heritage, â€Å" Psychoanalysis is the theory of personality developed by Freud that focuses on repression and unconscious forces and includes the concepts of infantile sexuality, resistance, transference, and division of the psyche into the id, ego, and superego† (Houghton Mifflin, 2005). This theory has had such a big impact on psychology, that it is even practiced today. Many other theories, have been developed from the basis of the psychoanalysis theory. The development of those theories either modified parts of the theory or reacted against it (Gladding, 2013). This paper will go in-depth about how psychoanalysis effects: the view of human nature, the goals of psychoanalysis, the roles and techniques of the counselor, and the strengths and limitations the theory has. Freud felt that the transformation within a person’s personality was dynamic. Freud b roke the personality down into three parts which consisted of the id, ego, and superego. These three components join together as one to make up a person’s behavior. Of the three, the id is the only component that is seen at birth. The id aspect of the personality involves the basic behaviors and instincts. It is seen completely in the unconscious. Freud considered the id the primary trait of personality (Sergist, 2009). Early in life, the id is a very important component that an infant must have. This is importantShow MoreRelatedFreud s Theory Of Psychology1226 Words   |  5 PagesIn psychology, a person’s personality is how the person feels, thinks, and behaves. Psychoanalysis was a theory Sigmund Freud discovered. It was his theory for treating psychological disorders and he did this by using a person’s unconscious mind. He suggested that there was three different stages of awareness in a person’s conscious mind. Level one is consciousness is anytime we’re alert. When we are conscious we are aware of our emotions, sensations, thoughts, and perception. Level two is preconsciousRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1073 Words   |  5 PagesLuwanna Perry Theories Counseling 06/27/2014 Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is considered to be the most important figures in the field of psychiatry and psychology. His ideas about psychoanalysis were developed in the 1800’s but are still being used today in the mental health field (www.studymode.com). Sigmund Freud was one of the pioneers/innovator of modern-day psychology. â€Å"As the originator of psychoanalysis, Freud distinguished himself as anRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1299 Words   |  6 Pagestouch known as the â€Å"mesmeric pass† (Kirsch et.al., 1995). Psychoanalysis was introduced by Sigmund Freud. Freud conceptualized the mind, metaphorically, as an ancient, buried ruin which had to been unearthed much like an archeologist would unearth the treasures of an ancient civilization. Freud s influence can be traced from his hard core natural science background as a student of neurology. Freud s version of psychoanalysis had its predecessor in the work with hysterics conducted by neurologistsRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1222 Words   |  5 PagesEurope, an Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis named Sigmund Freud constructed an original approach to the understanding of human psychology. Prior to the founding of psychoanalysis, mental illness was thought to come from some kind of deterioration or disease rooted in the brain. The certitude that physical diseases of the brain induced mental illness signified that psychological origins were disregarded. Freud insisted on studying the topic hoping to change the way society thought aboutRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1283 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud (1856-1939), is a pioneer in the field of psychology in various ways. His dedication to his field helped shape the minds of many nineteen-century contemporary schools of thought. Most notably, Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory, according to Tan (2011) earned him the title of, â€Å"father of psychoanalysis† (p. 322). Moreover, Tan Taykeyesu (2011) report that Freud’s genius is not just in psychoanalysis, but also when we â€Å"think Oedipus complex, infantile sexuality, and repression†Read MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology942 Words   |  4 PagesSigmund Freud continues to be the subject of conversation in the field of psychology. The conversations seem to lead to Freud versus another imperative person in the field, such as B.F. Skinner. According to Overskeid (2007) most research articles focus on the difference between the two. Here the author takes a different approach, looks at similarities within the psychanalysis dynamics. The two agreed upon human predicament that people are controlled by forces which they are not conscious (OverskeidRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1233 Words   |  5 Pages Sigmund Freud is the idealist that concepted the idea of verbal psychotherapy, Freudian Psychology. His theories of psychoanalysis are based upon understand the unconscious mind. His ideals portray that there are three key components that are responsible for a human beings personality. These compon ents include id, ego and superego. Freud s major contributions to todays society and study of psychology are his theories on the unconscious mind, dreams, libido, infantile sexuality, repression and transferenceRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesPsychoanalysis is an approach to psychology that was made well known as a way to bring for the unconscious to the conscious. It is theorized that the memories that we store in our unconscious affects us, and can cause neurotic behaviors. The approaches also include Analytical, Individual. Three people that worked on these theories are Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler. Each of these men approached psychoanalysis in both similar and individual ways, and have their own theories that will be furtherRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1568 Words   |  7 Pages Freud Sigmund Yifan Wang Current issues in history Vanier College 2014-11-11 Freud Sigmund In the 19th century, people progressed toward a new era of scientific revolution with new inventions and technologies. Doctors find treatment to heal cancer and people lives longer than before. On the other hand, Freud Sigmund the Jewish psychiatrist offered a new cure to mental illness that individual suffers from (The European Graduate School, 2012). Although he may have the most of influenceRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesAt the start psychology was not a science; it was ‘made up’. In pre-historic age it was believed any behaviour that swayed from ‘the norm’ was due to demonic spirits possessing the brain. Advances in treatments and medicine, allow us to recognise how barbarous this belief was. The progress of these advances was clear by the opening of the first experimental laboratory in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt’s establishment of psychology as an academic discipline exaggerated how obsolete the pr evious way

Movie Appreciation The Dimension of Unconsciousness

Question: Discuss about the Movie Appreciation for The Dimension of Unconsciousness. Answer: DreamWorks, Pixar and Walt Disney have all made many animation feature films to fetch the attention of audiences with large fan bases spreading across the globe. Each animation studio has achieved substantial attention for their keen eyes. While creating noticeable animated movies, these production houses not only attract the viewers through their storyline, but also with unique animation technology. In this assignment, two movies, namely Finding Nemo and Cinderella are selected. These two movies will be compared based on their form and content. Cinderella is an animated musical fantasy film, which was released in 1950. Walt Disney produced it. This movie was the comeback for Walt Disney after many disasters. In this movie, it is observed that, Cinderella is a young girl and a beloved daughter of a kind man. After her fathers death, her stepmother along with her other stepsisters became very cruel (Mathews 2014). They started torturing her in many ways. One day, her Prince charming came and rescued her from that cruel world. Finding Nemo is an animated movie based on adventure comedy. It was released in 2003 under Pixar animation studios. In Finding Nemo, it is observed that a clown fish named Nemo has survived from many difficulties (Zheng 2012). This story focuses on breaking parents rules through giving much freedom to a son. To compare these two movies it can be said that, these two movies vary from each other largely due to their different production house. Disney Classics give more importance to music, while Pixar emphasizes on their story line (Wen-jun 2012). The main contrast between these two movies is the presence of villain. Generally, in Disney movies, the story includes a villain, which is Cinderellas stepmother in Cinderella movie. Instead of villain, Pixar believes in antagonistic characters. In Finding Nemo, Nemos father played this character. The quality of theses animated movies also change due to large time gap. The animation technology become very advanced in Finding Nemo, compared to Cinderella. The graphic design is very clear in Finding Nemo. In Finding Nemo, people can see much more advanced computer technology, which is missing in Cinderella. Above all, these two movies can be compared through their story line. In Cinderella, the story is not living importance on self-dependence (Rie ger 2015). Here, it is showed that a woman should depend on a man to lead a better life. This is very wrong statement for an advanced society. While, Finding Nemo emphasizes on self-confidence. This movie gives lesson to the parents that they should not dominant the children. The story of Cinderella is much from fantasy world, where, the story of Finding Nemo is much practical. In conclusion, it can be said that these two movies are unique in their own places; they vary due to their different production house. However, Pixar had arrived from Walt Disney, but still there are contrasts in these two production houses. Out of these contrasts and comparisons, to value any film, the audience should take the moral of the story and should enjoy the film. References: Mathews, Jose. "Movie Appreciation: The Dimension of Unconsciousness."Available at SSRN 2430018(2014). Rieger, Diana, et al. "Appreciation in the Face of Death: Meaningful Films Buffer Against Death Related Anxiety."Journal of Communication65.2 (2015): 351-372. Wen-jun, Z. H. E. N. G. "Application of original English movie appreciation in vocational college English teaching."Journal of Changsha Telecommunications and Technology Vocational College3 (2012): 027. Zheng, Wen-jun. "Application of original English movie appreciation in vocational college English teaching [J]."Journal of Changsha Telecommunications and Technology Vocational College3 (2012).

[1] The researchers study was conducted in order t Essays

[1] The researchers study was conducted in order to determine if there is a relationship between e-cigarette use and traditional cigarettes in order to predict the behavior of future and current smokers, The participants self reported their use of e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes, their willingness to smoke traditional cigarettes, demographics, peer smoker affiliations, and smoking expectancies. The researchers concluded that while the path to smoking traditional cigarettes varies, the use of e-cigarettes shows a direct correlation to the willingness of users to smoke traditional cigarettes [2]This study was conducted to study the relationship between cigarette smoking and long-term outcomes for substance abuse disorders. The data was collected through the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions and the participants were asked to report demographics, alcohol use disorders, nicotine dependence, severity of substance abuse disorders, smoking status, etc. The researchers concluded that the continuation of smoking among long term smokers and the initiation of smoking among non smokers was associated with greater odds of a relapse of substance abuse disorders and the acquisition of new dependencies on substances such as alcohol and stimulants [11] This study aimed to better understand the concept of a "gateway drug" by understanding relationship of dependency between drugs. The researchers chose to study the effects of the relationship of nicotine and the following response of cocaine in the brain of mice. The researchers found that when nicotine was administered before the cocaine, the addiction related behaviors and addiction related reward was greatly enhanced. This study provides a link between the description of nicotine as a "gateway drug" and what this term means on a neurological level, allowing this concept to be expanded upon and understood as a known effect on the brain. Other [5] This study intended to examine associations between e-cigarette use and and other substances and identify motives for e-cigarette use in young adults. The data was collected by an ongoing survey of health and risk behaviors. This survey asked users yes or no questions about habits including alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, and hard drugs. In addition researchers requested information about motivations for using e-cigarettes. The data showed that e-cigarette use was positively and significantly associated with every type of substance abuse, the highest being between e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes. The data also showed that young adults using e-cigarettes in the past year reported higher prevalence of every substance. [6] This study focuses on the particular association with e-cigarettes and their use as delivery systems for cannabis. While the researchers cite various articles regarding the habits of e-cigarette users, the habits of users of e-cigarettes for substances other than nicotine is underreported. They cite the internet being full of information regarding how to alter e-cigarettes to deliver cannabis such as youtube videos, and that the manufacturers are mirroring this interest by offering alternative devices or attachments that are specifically for vaporizing other substances. The study was a survey in which undergraduate students were asked if they had used other substances in their e-cigarette, which drugs, and open ended questions to explain their usage. The study found that current tobacco smokers were 51% more likely to report the use of other substances used in an e-cigarette than non users. The study found that 90% of cannabis users were former or continuous cigarette smokers, an d that electronic cigarette users reporting use of other drugs were significantly higher than those who did not report using any other drugs in their electronic cigarettes. Of these users who smoked e-cigarettes with other substances, hallucinogens and ecstasy was often used as well. [7] Similar to the previous article this study focuses on the use of electronic cigarettes to vaporize cannabis, however it is focused on high school students. This study focused on e-cigarette users and their likelihood to smoke cannabis from an e-cigarette. The study found that using cannabis in e-cigarettes was common among lifetime e-cigarette smokers(18%), lifetime cannabis users(18.4), and lifetime dual users (22.9%). All students who used an e-cigarette with cannabis had experimented with e-cigarettes and tobacco. This study focuses on only one type of non tobacco substance used in an e-cigarette, however it demonstrates that there is a high frequency of users who experimented with e-cigarettes and lead to other high risk behaviors

Starr County Independence essays

Starr County Independence essays With the Magic Valley caught up in a race with the rest of the country in modern urban design and massed produced pop culture, is there anything left free to define the border background of South Texas? A journey through US Highway Ten leads to the western edge of the Magic, Starr County. With rough landscape and distinctive ways, Starr County is a foreign land unto itself. It begins with the land. As the Magic Valley becomes dissected into suburbs, developed into shopping malls and removed of its regional characteristics, Starr County remains rural in its expanse. The land continues farther than the eye can see. There is a plentiful fragrance of cactus, mesquite, and sagebrush that lingers in the air. The abundance is especially evident as the roads lead north into the huge brush country ranches that map the county. Along the Magic Valley, there are acres and acres of farmland, mostly untouched by the Magic Valleys expanding Americanized modernization. Because of the lack of modernization, the construction of Starr County has its own mode. There are many buildings and homes that are atypical of American contemporary design and decoration. There is more cinder block and clay laid out in rustic charm than red brick and stucco in suburban application. The houses and neighborhoods are randomly intended instead of carefully planned. The colors are vibrant shades of pinks, greens and yellows instead of neutral beiges, browns and creams. Parking lots and driveways are strewn with gravel and caliche rather than paved with concrete or asphalt. The tastes have remained traditional to the area. There are no theme-oriented restaurants like Applebees or Chilis to be found. It would be easier for people to savor a spicy bowl of menudo, seasoned fajitas or a thick brown plate of mole. Adding to the distinctive style is Starr Countys sound. As they reverberate th ...

Analysing Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysing Organization - Essay Example It is also worth mentioning in this context that in accordance with which the organizations differ from each other. Additionally, humans frame an important role within the organizational setting. These factors accumulatively design organizational behavior which reflects upon the study that investigates about the impact which an individual, structure and groups render upon the directives and performances with respect to interpersonal and inter-divisional roles within the premises of the organization. It is in this context that the behavioral approach determines the application of the knowledge in the attainment of the organizational objectives (Schein, 1985). With reference this context, the objective of the study is to brief the interpretive paradigm with respect to The Lego Group (Lego). The report will comprise of the details with regard to the various perspectives of the paradigm taking into account both theoretical and evidence based perspectives towards the aspect. The influence of the paradigm perspective upon Lego’s organizational culture and the analysis of such influence will also be assessed within the discussion henceforth. Paradigms Perspectives Paradigms reflect upon the description of all the interactions taking place within the society or organization or any other cluster as performed by the human participants. The broader view point or the perspectives that enable the social scientists to include tools that further help in describing the society and then framing hypothesis and theories accordingly reflect the paradigm perspective. The paradigms perspective, being mutually exclusive, offers alternative views with respect to the society, which in turn infers the reality of the society (Asiamah & Patel, 2009). This particular notion comprises within it the four important paradigm perspectives. The perspectives includes within it two major dimensions that are objective versus subjective and regulation versus radical change. In accordance with the objective versus subjective, it principally comprises the assumptions and the methodologies describing the social science and the nature of the human which is the first dimension in the paradigm. Correspondingly, the regulation versus radical change paradigm emphasized on the methods of treating the organization as a society on the basis of the assumptions concluded from the applied methodologies. To be precise, the four paradigm perspectives include functionalist sociology, interpretive sociology, radical humanism dimension and radical structuralism dimensions as can be observed from the pictorial diagram below (Asiamah & Patel, 2009). Source: (Asiamah & Patel, 2009) The functionalist sociology reflects the rational explanation to that of the social affairs. It also states the models and the methods that have been applied during the study of the human affairs. In this context, it assumes that the society is made up of concrete and materialistic aspirations as well as relations hips. The interpretive sociology further reflects the understanding of the world on the basis of subjective experiences. Correspondingly, the radical humanism dimension is concerned with the social constraints that limit the potentialities of the human activities. The radical perspective further justifies the radical change observed within

Ulysses S. Grant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ulysses S. Grant - Research Paper Example At the college, he established repute as a daring and proficient horseman (Rice 12). During the Mexican-American conflict, Grant served under Generals Taylor Zachary and Scott Winfield, participating in the battles ofPalo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterrey, and Veracruz. Grant was brevetted twice for gallantry: at Chapultepec and Molino Del Rey and. On 31st July, 1854, Grant quitted from the military (Crow 56). On 24th April, 1861, 10 days following the collapse of Fort-Sumter, Commander Grant landed in Springfield, Illinois, together with a syndicate of men Grant had nurtured (Rice 12). The governor sensed that a West-Point man might be positioned to worthier use and assigned him as the 21st Illinois-Infantry colonel (effective 17th June, 1861) (Lagueux 47). In 7THAugust, Grant was chosenas the brigadier-general-of-volunteers (Rice 12).Ulysses Grant presented the Union-Army its leading major conquest of the American-Civil-War throughapprehending Fort of Henry, Tennessee, in 6thFebr uary of1862, and afterward Fort of Donelson, in which Grant demanded the well-known expressions of "unconditional surrender" as well as apprehended a Confederate military (Crow 56). ... river fortress, Mississippi, during 1863 is deemed to be the extremely masterful within soldierly history; it divided the Coalition in 2, and it embodied the 2ndmajor Confederate military to yield to Grant (Rice 12).Grant Ulysses was the deliverer of Union-forces besieged at Chattanooga, Tennessee, firmly beating Bragg Braxton and opening away to Atlanta, and Confederacy’s core (Crow 56). His disposition to fight as well ascapacity to win fascinated President Lincoln, who selected him as lieutenant-general, a novel rank newlysanctioned by the AmericanAssembly with Grant on mind—in 2 March, 1864 (Bunting 101). On 12thMarch, Grant Ulysses became the general-in-chief of the entireUnited States’ army (Perret 34). In March of 1864, Grant positioned Major Genera Sherman v William in immediate control of all Western forces and relocated his head office to Virginia whereinGrant turned his mind to the long- hindered Union endeavor to terminate the Robert Lee’s army ; his secondary aim was to seize the Confederate’s capital, Richmond, Virginia (Eicher 219). Despite the substantial losses, Grant established a nine-month restriction of Lee's militarywithin the city(Bunting 101). Grant dispatched Sheridan Philip to the Valley of Shenandoah to beat the Jubal’s army early and terminate the farms furnishing Lee (Perret 34). Grant's persistent pressure decisively forced Robert Lee to abandon Richmond and yield at Appomattox Court-House on 9th April, 1865 (Crow 56). Grant presented generous terms, which did plentiful to lessen the tensions amid the forces and safeguard some Southern pride semblancethat would be required to resolve the opposing sides (Eicher 219). In a few months, the American Civil-War was commendably over, though minor engagements carried on until Smith

Theory of the 1970s and minimalism Essay Example for Free

Theory of the 1970s and minimalism Essay The Extended and the minimalism in the generative tradition are notions used in linguistics which explains different aspects of the language. The Extended Standard Theory was formulated in the late 1960s to early 1970s and specifically in 1965 to 1973 (Chomsky, 1965) while the minimalism started way back in the 1950s. They have both been used over time by learners in different times for criticism and for learning and understanding linguistics. The Extended Standard Theory has two features namely the syntactic constraints and the generalized phrase features also known as the X-bar theory. The X-bar theory is a linguistics theory component which attempts to identify syntactic features common to all languages. It explains that all languages have some certain shared structural similarities, including the ‘X-bar’ which does not appear in traditional phrase. On contrary, Chomsky (1995) discussed how minimalist approaches to phrase structure have resulted in ‘Bare Phrase Structure’ which attempts to eliminate X-bar Theory. Therefore in as much as the Extended Standard Theory uses the X-bar theory to explain syntactic features common to all languages, the minimalism in the generative tradition explains that all languages have some certain shared structural similarities. Minimalism program is a much transformational grammar inspired by Chomsky. The program aims at the further development of ideas involving economy of derivation and economy of representation which had become important earlier. Economy of derivation in this aspect is a principle stating movements and occurs in order to match interpretable features with uninterruptable features such as inflection. Inflection is also referred to as inflexion and helps modify word forms to handle grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, gender, case or mood. The principle of economy of representation is that structures must exist for a purpose and should satisfy constraints. Another aspect of minimalism thought is the idea that, the derivation of synaptic structures should be uniform in that rules should not be stipulated as applying at arbitrary points in a derivation, but instead applies throughout derivations. Minimalism in the generative tradition also tries to give a distinction of deep structure of a linguistic expression with a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. The Extended Standard Theory on the other hand does not describe any of the two derivations but works with syntactic constraints and the generalized phrase features. The usage of the term ‘transformation’ in linguistics refers to a rule that takes an input typically called the Deep Structure (in the Standard Theory) or D-structure (in the Extended Standard Theory or government and binding theory) and changes it in some restricted way to result in a Surface Structure (or S-structure). An example of a transformation in TG is the operation of subject-auxiliary inversion. Subject- auxiliary in English occurs when an auxiliary verb precedes a subject. By the time of the Extended Standard Theory in the 1970s, due to the work of Joseph Emonds on structure preservation, transformations came to be viewed as holding over the trees. By the late 1980s at the end of the government and binding theory, transformation were viewed not as mere structure changing operations but as ways to add information to already existing trees by coping constituents. Earlier there was a conception that transformations were construction- specific devices but this was made clearer s discussed above. The minimalist program on the other hand was a radical revision of the theory. The Extended structural Theory emphasizes on the importance of modern formal mathematical devices in the development of grammatical theory. The minimalism in the generative tradition on the other hand does not emphasize on the importance of formal mathematical devices. The generative tradition is a technical as it is well understood that linguistic processes are in some sense creative for expressing a system of recursive processes. The focus is has been made on the deep and surface structures. The deep structure seeks to unify several related structures while the surface structure is derived from the deep structure by transformational rules. In the Extended Standard Theory, more technically sophisticated proposals about the structure of language have been made. This theory argues that all languages are presumed to follow the same set of rules which may vary depending on the values of certain universal linguistic parameters. In a 1983 article, Newmeyer discussed how, this assumption is very strong and brings the big difference between the two theories of language. Minimalism has the idea that the derivation of syntactic structures should be uniform. This means that rules should not be stipulated as applying at arbitrary points in a derivation, but instead applies throughout derivations. Minimalism ideas and approaches to phrase structure have resulted in an attempt to eliminate x-bar theory. In conclusion, both notions; The Extended Standard Theory and the minimalism generative tradition may be somewhat vague and indeed the precise formulation of these principles is controversial. The practicability of these notions should be further evaluated regarding their success. None of the two should be undermined since both have some importance and are of help in understanding linguistics. References Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press. Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge: MIT Press. Hawkins, J. A. (1983). Word Order Universals. New York: Academic Press. Jackendoff, R. (1974). Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge: MIT Press. Newmeyer, F. J. (1983). Grammatical Theory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

The Whole Towns Sleeping and Terribly Strange Bed Essay -- English Li

The Whole Town's Sleeping and Terribly Strange Bed In this essay I will be comparing two (2) short stories 'The Whole Town's sleeping' by Ray Bradbury (1950) and 'A Terribly Strange Bed' by Wilkie Collins (1856). Both stories are about fear and they make us feel fear or are supposed to; they make the reader scared or frightened. Both stories have the same purpose, which is so scare the reader. I am going to compare the way Ray Bradbury and Wilkie Collins create tension, suspense, mood and tone. In the first few lines of 'The Whole Town's Sleeping', the author describes the setting for the story, "the little town was deep far away from everything, kept to itself by a river and a forest and a ravine", but before that he mentions that it is nighttime. Both stories are set at nighttime. This is because if it were set in the daytime it simply wouldn't be scary. The whole town wouldn't be sleeping and the narrator wouldn't need a terribly strange bed to sleep in. Collins has a different approach for the beginning of 'A Terribly Strange Bed', he describes the characters and what they were doing, which gives a different impression of the story, it doesn't seem like a scary story at first, because there's no obvious signs like in 'The Whole Town's Sleeping'. Ray Bradbury uses recreation to create interest to the story "In the downtown drugstore, fans whispered in the high ceiling air" He also use metaphors and similes such as "There were two moons: a clock moon with four faces" while 'A Terribly Strange Bed' doesn't have any recreation, metaphors or similes in its opening but still manages to maintain interest. Mood and tone are very important in both stories. Using certain adjectives, like "warm summer n... ...appens next. In Collins' story, you are told what happens next, and you finish the story quite pleased, like the narrator would be, instead of still scared like you are in the other story. Both stories are similar and different; the authors use different methods to make the reader scared. The stories have some similarities and others have differences. Ray Bradbury describes the scenery whereas Wilkie Collins describes the characters. Setting seems to be more important in 'The Whole Town's Sleeping' than it is in Collins' story and tension and suspense is used very differently in the both stories, Bradbury uses a sharp shock and then a steady buildup, then a false relief before a final cliffhanger and Collins uses a strange buildup to what seems like somewhat of an anti-climax and then re establishes the tension, for a gentle relief and a settled ending.

Lemurs in Madagascar Assignment

Associate Level Material Lemurs in Madagascar Assignment View the â€Å"Lemurs in Madagascar – Surviving on an Island of Change† video. Using the information found in this video, and in Ch. 5 and 6 of Visualizing Environmental Science, answer the following questions in 25 to 100 words each. 1. What are Madagascar’s biomes? Discuss the major features of at least one of these biomes. Use the textbook for biome examples. A= In Madagascar their biome is the tropical rainforest. A feature of a biome from the tropical rainforest is the temperature; it is usually warm yearly with rain every day.There are 3 different layers to the biome in the tropical rainforest, first being the layer on top of trees, the second layer being on the leaves, and the last layer being on the ground of the rainforest. 2. What changes happening in Madagascar are posing challenges for lemurs? Give details about the sources, time scale, and types of change. A= the changes that are happening are creating many challenges to lemurs is the destruction of the tropical rainforest by humans.Lemurs eat the leaves from the trees, and if the trees are being cut down it is destroying not only the rainforest but the lemur’s source of food. 3. Which types of lemurs are adapting to the changes? Which types of lemurs are not adapting well? Why? A= the lemurs that are doing well with the changes are the ones secondary to the habitats altered by people, these lemurs are called the ring-tailed lemur, they use the crops of the people to find food due to the destruction of the rainforest.The lemurs that are not adapting well are the bamboo lemurs, they eat only bamboo and since a lot of plants are gone they do not have food to eat. 4. What behavioral and physical traits are being favored in lemurs in the changing Madagascar environment? A= well some of the lemurs are able to adapt to the changes and they are studying this type to see what will help them change and also to see if that c hange can be shown to other lemurs. 5. Why might lemurs not evolve to adapt to the changes in Madagascar?A= this can happen is a lemur only eats a certain type of plant and if there is no longer that plant in the rainforest then the changes for that breed of lemur will not be good. 6. Which biogeochemical cycles may be altered by anthropogenic activities on Madagascar, and how? A= this involves the transition between atmospheric gases, soils, oceans and living organisms. Since the humans continue to destroy these resources in Madagascar areas will continued to be effected. Reference â€Å"Lemurs in Madagascar: Surviving on an Island of Change. † Films Media Group, 2006. Films on Demand.

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 History and Impact

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first law enacted by the United States Congress clearly defining U.S. citizenship and affirming that all citizens are equally protected by the law. The Act represented the first step, albeit an incomplete one,  towards civil and social equality for black Americans during the Reconstruction Period that followed the Civil War. Key Takeaways: Civil Rights Act of 1866 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first federal law to affirm that all U.S. citizens are equally protected under the law.The Act also defined citizenship and made it illegal to deny any person of the rights of citizenship on the basis of their race or color.The Act failed to protect political or social rights like voting and equal accommodations.Today, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 is cited in Supreme Court cases dealing with discrimination. Where the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Succeeded The Civil Rights Act of 1866 contributed to the integration of blacks into mainstream American society by: Establishing that â€Å"all persons born in the United States† are citizens of the United States;Specifically defining the rights of American citizenship; andMaking it illegal to deny any person of these rights of citizenship on the basis of their race or color. Specifically, the 1866 Act stated that â€Å"all persons born in the United States† (except for American Indians) were â€Å"hereby declared to be citizens of the United States† and that â€Å"such citizens of every race and color . . . shall have the same right . . . as is enjoyed by white citizens.† Just two years later, in 1868, these rights were further protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which addressed citizenship and guaranteed all citizens equal protection under the law. The 1866 Act reversed the 1857 Supreme Court ruling in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case, which had held that because of their foreign ancestry, native-born, free African Americans were not U.S. citizens and thus had no rights to sue in American courts. The Act also sought to override the infamous Black Codes enacted in Southern states, which restricted the freedom of African Americans and allowed racially discriminatory practices such as convict leasing. After first being passed by Congress in 1865, but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, Congress again passed the bill re-framing it as a measure to support the Thirteenth Amendment, which had banned slavery throughout the United States. Although Johnson vetoed it again, the required two-thirds majority in both the House and Senate voted to override the veto and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 became law on April 9, 1866. In his veto message to Congress, Johnson stated that he objected to the federal government’s scope of enforcement implied by the legislation. Always a strong supporter of states’ rights, Johnson called the act â€Å"another step, or rather a stride, toward centralization and the concentration of all legislative power in the national Government.† Where the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Fell Short While certainly a forward step along the long road from slavery to full equality, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 left something to be desired. The Act guaranteed all citizens, regardless of race or color, protection of their â€Å"civil rights,† such as the right to file suit, make and enforce contracts, and to buy, sell, and inherit real and personal property. However, it did not protect their â€Å"political rights,† like voting and holding public office, or their â€Å"social rights,† ensuring equal access to public accommodations. This apparently glaring omission was actually the intent of Congress at the time. When he introduced the bill in the House, Rep. James F. Wilson of Iowa summarized its purpose as follows: It provides for the equality of citizens of the United States in the enjoyment of civil rights and immunities. What do these terms mean? Do they mean that in all things civil, social, political, all citizens, without distinction of race or color, shall be equal? By no means can they be so construed. Do they mean that all citizens shall vote in the several States? No; for suffrage is a political right which has been left under the control of the several States, subject to the action of Congress only when it becomes necessary to enforce the guarantee of a republican form of government. Nor do they mean that all citizens shall sit on the juries, or that their children shall attend the same schools. The definition given to the term civil rights †¦ is very concise, and is supported by the best authority. It is this: Civil rights are those which have no relation to the establishment, support, or management of government. Hoping to avoid President Johnson’s promised veto, Congress deleted the following key provision from the Act: â€Å"there shall be no discrimination in civil rights or immunities among the inhabitants of any State or Territory of the United States on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.† 1875 Brings One Step Forward, Several Steps Back Congress would attempt to correct this shortcoming with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Sometimes referred to as the â€Å"Enforcement Act,† the 1875 Act guaranteed all citizens, including African Americans, equal access to public accommodations and public transportation, and prohibited their exclusion from jury service. Eight years later, however, the Supreme Court ruled in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 that public accommodation sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were unconstitutional, declaring that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments did not give Congress the power to regulate the affairs of private individuals and businesses. As a result, African Americans, though legally â€Å"free† U.S. citizens, continued to face uncontrolled discrimination in almost all areas of society, economics, and politics. In 1896, the  Supreme Court, with its Plessy v. Ferguson decision, declared that racially-separate accommodations were legal as long as they were equal in quality and that the states had the power to enact laws requiring racial segregation in those accommodations. Due to the range of the Plessy ruling, the legislative and executive branches avoided the issue of civil rights for almost a century, leaving African Americans to suffer the inequities of the Jim Crow laws and â€Å"separate but equal† public schools. The Legacy of the Civil Rights Act of 1866: Equal at Last Also founded in 1866, racist terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) soon spread into almost every southern state, largely preventing the 1866 Civil Rights Act from immediately securing the civil rights of African Americans. Although the Act made it illegal to discriminate in employment and housing on the basis of race, it failed to provide federal penalties, leaving it up to the individual victims to seek legal relief. Since many victims of racial discrimination were unable to access legal help, they were left without recourse. However, since the 1950s, the enactment of more comprehensive civil rights legislation has allowed for an increasing number of legal remedies arising from Supreme Court rulings based on the original Civil Rights Act of 1866, including the landmark decisions in Jones v. Mayer and Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc. decisions in 1968. The passions of the civil rights movement that spread across the nation during the 1950s and 1960s rekindled the spirit of the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1875. Enacted as key elements of the â€Å"Great Society† program of President Lyndon Johnson, the Civil Rights Acts of 1964, the Fair Housing Act and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 all incorporated provisions of the 1866 and 1875 Civil Rights Acts. Today, as cases of discrimination continue to crop up in areas like affirmative action, voting rights, reproductive rights, and same-sex marriage, the Supreme Court commonly takes legal precedent from the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Sources â€Å"Congressional Globe, Debates and Proceedings, 1833-1873,† Library of Congress. OnlineDu Bois, W. E. B. â€Å"Black Reconstruction in America: 1860–1880.† New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1935.Foner, Eric. â€Å"Reconstruction: Americas Unfinished Revolution 1863–1877.† New York: Harper Row, 1988.Wilson, Theodore Brantner. â€Å"The Black Codes of the South.† University: University of Alabama Press, 1965.Woodward, C. Vann. â€Å"The Strange Career of Jim Crow.† 3d rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.