[1] The researchers study was conducted in order t Essays

[1] The researchers study was conducted in order to determine if there is a relationship between e-cigarette use and traditional cigarettes in order to predict the behavior of future and current smokers, The participants self reported their use of e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes, their willingness to smoke traditional cigarettes, demographics, peer smoker affiliations, and smoking expectancies. The researchers concluded that while the path to smoking traditional cigarettes varies, the use of e-cigarettes shows a direct correlation to the willingness of users to smoke traditional cigarettes [2]This study was conducted to study the relationship between cigarette smoking and long-term outcomes for substance abuse disorders. The data was collected through the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions and the participants were asked to report demographics, alcohol use disorders, nicotine dependence, severity of substance abuse disorders, smoking status, etc. The researchers concluded that the continuation of smoking among long term smokers and the initiation of smoking among non smokers was associated with greater odds of a relapse of substance abuse disorders and the acquisition of new dependencies on substances such as alcohol and stimulants [11] This study aimed to better understand the concept of a "gateway drug" by understanding relationship of dependency between drugs. The researchers chose to study the effects of the relationship of nicotine and the following response of cocaine in the brain of mice. The researchers found that when nicotine was administered before the cocaine, the addiction related behaviors and addiction related reward was greatly enhanced. This study provides a link between the description of nicotine as a "gateway drug" and what this term means on a neurological level, allowing this concept to be expanded upon and understood as a known effect on the brain. Other [5] This study intended to examine associations between e-cigarette use and and other substances and identify motives for e-cigarette use in young adults. The data was collected by an ongoing survey of health and risk behaviors. This survey asked users yes or no questions about habits including alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, and hard drugs. In addition researchers requested information about motivations for using e-cigarettes. The data showed that e-cigarette use was positively and significantly associated with every type of substance abuse, the highest being between e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes. The data also showed that young adults using e-cigarettes in the past year reported higher prevalence of every substance. [6] This study focuses on the particular association with e-cigarettes and their use as delivery systems for cannabis. While the researchers cite various articles regarding the habits of e-cigarette users, the habits of users of e-cigarettes for substances other than nicotine is underreported. They cite the internet being full of information regarding how to alter e-cigarettes to deliver cannabis such as youtube videos, and that the manufacturers are mirroring this interest by offering alternative devices or attachments that are specifically for vaporizing other substances. The study was a survey in which undergraduate students were asked if they had used other substances in their e-cigarette, which drugs, and open ended questions to explain their usage. The study found that current tobacco smokers were 51% more likely to report the use of other substances used in an e-cigarette than non users. The study found that 90% of cannabis users were former or continuous cigarette smokers, an d that electronic cigarette users reporting use of other drugs were significantly higher than those who did not report using any other drugs in their electronic cigarettes. Of these users who smoked e-cigarettes with other substances, hallucinogens and ecstasy was often used as well. [7] Similar to the previous article this study focuses on the use of electronic cigarettes to vaporize cannabis, however it is focused on high school students. This study focused on e-cigarette users and their likelihood to smoke cannabis from an e-cigarette. The study found that using cannabis in e-cigarettes was common among lifetime e-cigarette smokers(18%), lifetime cannabis users(18.4), and lifetime dual users (22.9%). All students who used an e-cigarette with cannabis had experimented with e-cigarettes and tobacco. This study focuses on only one type of non tobacco substance used in an e-cigarette, however it demonstrates that there is a high frequency of users who experimented with e-cigarettes and lead to other high risk behaviors