Media Critics Beavis and Butt-head :: essays research papers

According to Douglas Rushkoffs in his article Hating What Sucks, Beavis and Butt-head are media critics, instructing viewers on how to criticize music videos. I recall the way Beavis and Butt-head go about their criticism and commentary is undermining our value system.In TVs Anti-Families Married . . . with Malaise, Josh Ozersky states no one who pursuees TV is tone ending to stop because they see TV criticized. He goes on to say that we feel flattered by this criticism and continue reckoning television anyway. Beavis and Butt-head can be seen in the same light when they criticize music videos on MTV. In doing so they again demonstrate for us how to watch TV in the nineties, according to Rushkoff.I can except interject that when we watch TV being criticized by these characters we feel a sort of power from the knowledge their criticism gives us. But is this the only thing keeping our eyes glued to the tube? Ozersky writes, TV has never shown us TV rather, it shows itself to us a s a laughable, absurd, and harmless entity, much handle the characters on its shows. The criticism of TV doesnt go far enough to keep us from watching it. We feel that TV is harmless and this is what keeps us entirelyton back for more.Beavis and Butt-head qualify as being dysfunctional. So is this the kind of show you would find many cultural values in? Rushkoff argues that the show promotes viewer sensory faculty by allowing us to witness area where the characters own detachment has been compromised. He says this in reference to Beavis watching an Aerosmith music video and lighting up a cigarette when the Aerosmith singer does. In this instance the author suggests he fell for the manipulation of the media. By the same token, Rushkoff contradicts himself and his pro-Beavis argument. Perhaps it is just a red herring, but by showing that the media manipulates Beavis it isnt a very good argument for watching TV, much less Beavis and Butt-head.In all reality, people do watch Beavis and Butt-head and other anti-family television shows. The power we feel in the act of criticizing and the seemingly harmless antics of these shows gives us a reason to keep watching and criticizing TV scorn the irony of it. Because we know TV characters have no power to change their situations in the TV world we feel we are above them and can watch TV with harmless effects.

Gun Control Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights gives people the decline to keep and bear arms. The ideas of setting strict laws that seize only hunting rifle use, and laws that allow more(prenominal) freedom has been argued over for many years. The best argument protecting the Second Amendment is that people have more security when possessing a submarine sandwich. Although this is possibly true, gun control provides much more than comfort for the people. The second amendment has some benefits, but many dangers in addition come with having the right to own a gun. One of these dangers includes violence and death with our youth. If hired gun Control laws are put into action, they will help prevent deaths of innocent people who extend guns. crap-shooter Control will also help prevent terrorism against us or anyone else with the terrorists using guns from our own country. Gun control will also help prevent robberies and other treacherous hostage situations. In order to shelter the po pulace of the United States, we have an obligation as voting citizens to decree a strict Gun Control law ridding all weapons, except for hunting rifles, from public use.According to the NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) the fifty-four and a half(prenominal) percent of people that threaten an attacker with a gun are more in all probability to get a gun drawn out in return. The other percentage of the victims who use self-protection or do not do anything have a much better chance of getting forward without the attacker pulling out a gun (Gun). Under a strict Gun Control law, when a holdup happens, the attacker is less likely to have a gun, and even if the attacker did somehow obtain a firearm, the victim would not have one to use carelessly and get himself killed. Crimes with Gun Control will be much less violent for the people that obey the law, and most criminals will be deterred from even attempting a crime if they cannot cloud a gun. Similarly, Gun Control will help prevent terrorism of this country.Terrorism, now a big issue for the United States, can be prevented in many cases if Gun Control laws are put into affect. Many terrorists use easily concealed guns that come from the United States, getting the guns from either exportation or in the country. America cannot suffer as a victim of many more terrorist attacks, and Gun Control laws will help filter out terrorist attacks. look done by the ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms) shows that ... ...n our country and others. Gun Control will help protect the guiltless people of our nation from violent attacks and robbery. The best thing Gun Control will prevent is violence with our youth because Americans need to preserve the lives of the next generations to come. Controlling handguns means that everyone and their friends can enjoy life more without torture about being held up at AM-PM, or being caught up in the middle of a very dangerous terrorist attack. When deciding on gun contro l, think first about preserving the safety of the citizens of this nation.Works CitedBuchanan, John M. Gun Play Christian Century17 May 2003 3Brady Campaign. Brady Campaign 12 Oct. 2003.Calm Before The Storm The Littleton School Massacre Court TVs Crime Library 12 Oct. 2003.Is a Gun an Effective mean of Self-Defense? Guncite 12 Oct. 2003.CNN- State by State Look at Gun Laws in the U.S. CNNi 12 Oct. 2003.HELP Network Firearm Injury saloon State Status Report Help Network 12 Oct. 2003.

Globalizaton Essay -- Economics Economy Papers

Globalization is a term that has become very popular in recent times. It is a concept with many differing definitions. Thomas L. Friedman, author of The Lexus and the Olive Tree, describes globalization as a movement that enables individuals, corporations, and countries to reach around the globe farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. Globalization is the penetrate of free market capitalism to virtually every country in the world. Countries are encouraged to allow free trade, privatization and competition. Basically, it involves worldwide integration of both sparing and political ideals. Globalization is becoming more popular and more accessible mainly because of the recent advancements in technology. Many believe it to be a supreme phenomenon, while others believe that it is very bad.The rise and spread of globalization has brought along with it many supporters and opponents. Benefits of globalization are that it creates jobs, generates prosperity, raises standards of living all around the world and often more. When companies do business in other countries more jobs are created. Companies such as Nike, Levis, Coca-cola are constantly building factories in less developed countries, such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Dominican Republic and many more. These factories are providing jobs for thousands of people who would otherwise not be able to find work anywhere else. This helps the human rights publishing and can be beneficial for the overall economy of the country as well as the individual. James Robinson, former head of American Express said, I think its helping human rights because what its doing is its giving jobs to people at salary levels that they never had access to before. So in time I think this becomes more self... ...obalization. October 2000The World Trade Organization. www.wto.org Geneva, Switzerland. October 2002Public Broadcasting Service. Transcript Globalization and Human Rights. www.pbs.org. October 2002Panayotou, Theodore. Glob alization and Environment CID Working Paper No. 53. July 2000North American isolated Trade Agreement. NAFTA A Foundation for Canadas Future Prosperity. http//www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/nafta-alena/over-en.asp Canada. September 2003FDI Magazine. Egyptian Endeavors. www.fdimagazine.com. December 2003. Hill, Charles. International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005Tseng, Wanda and Zebregs, Harm. Foreign Direct Investment in China Some Lessons for Other Countries. International Monetary Fund, February 2002.

In the Eyes of the Beholder Essay -- Music Entertainment Musicians Pap

In the Eyes of the BeholderThe Contrasting Views of American Culture between Foreign and American Musicians The crowd of over 60,000 bursts into a thunderous uproar as the stadium suddenly becomes dark and anticipation rises like the temperature under a blazing Georgian July sun. After a seemingly infinite wait, one solitary image suddenly lights up from the seventy-foot video screen an American signalize. The Star Spangled Banner then booms from the abundant speakers with the crowd growing frantic in the waiting for what is next. The national anthem fades out with oer the land of the free... and a brief silence exists forward a fierce drum beat begins, pounding away as the crowded frenzy is at an ecstatic high. A voice soon booms crossways the stadium, and the home of the braaaaave rattling it like a kitchen cupboard full of plates and glasses when a train passes by. The dot lights up and there on the massive stage set are U2. Lead singer Bono is lit up by a spo tlight dressed in all black leather, sunglasses, and an American flag bandana. After a screeching guitar intro from The Edge, Bono breaks into the lyrics for the song Bullet the Blue Sky, an outsiders take on America. The show has begun. As with beauty, what actually is American life and socialisation is in the eye of the beholder. There is a large discrepency between the views of Americans on their own lives and that of inhabitants of other nations. The American dream of opportunity and freedom is well illustrated in its popular music. On the other hand, foreign artists usually take a more critical approach to American life with their views coming from the opposite determination of the looking-glass. The contrasting views bring up an interesting que... ...is band sees is his reality and epitomizes his view of America and its culture. What is yours? Works Cited Mr. Showbiz. Wall of Sound Tom Petty. 1997. (6 June 1998). Passengers. Original Soundtracks I. Island R ecords, Inc., 1995. Rolling Stone. jut Review. 1997. (8 June 1998). Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Damn the Torpedoes. MCA Records, Inc., 1981. Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Into the Great Wide Open. MCA Records, Inc., 1991. Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. MCA Records, Inc., 1976. U2. The Joshua Tree. Island Records, Inc., 1987. U2. Pop. Island Records, Inc., 1997. U2. Rattle and Hum. Island Records, Inc., 1988. U2. War. Island Records, Inc., 1983.

Welch On Management :: essays research papers

MGT4121Week Eight Journal Submission Chapter 14 Case Study Jack WelchIn a classroom where Jack Welch has appeared more(prenominal) than 250 times in the past seventeen years to engage some 15,000 GE managers and executives, something extraordinary happens. The legendary chairman of GE, the take-no-prisoners tough guy who gets results at each cost, becomes human. His slight stutter, a handicap that has bedeviled him since childhood, makes him oddly vulnerable. The students see all of Jack here the management theorist, strategic thinker, business teacher, and corporate icon who made it to the unclutter despite his working-class background. The fact is no one leaves the room untouched. If leadership is an art, then surely Mr. Welch has proved himself a master painter. Few have personified corporate leadership more dramatically. Fewer still have so consistently delivered on the results of that leadership. For 17 years, while big companies and their chieftains have come and gone, We lch has led GE to one revenue and earnings record after another. What can be inferred from this case study is the fact that Jack Welch does it through sheer force of personality, conjugate with an unbridled passion for winning the game of business and a keen attention to details many chieftains would simply overlook. He does it because he encourages near-brutal candor in the meetings he holds to guide the company through each work year. And he does it because, above all else, hes a fierce believer in the power of his people.Welch likes to call GE the grocery store. The metaphor, however quirky for such a large firm, allows Welch to mentally roll up his sleeves, slip into an apron, and get fundament the counter. There, he can get to know every employee and serve every customer.After being extremely skeptical of quality programs, whats going on at GE now is sestet Sigma. Jack Welch felt that quality programs were too heavy on slogans and to short on results. Yet, Six Sigma is diffe rent. A Six Sigma quality level in a company like GE can save a company a great deal of money.

Welch On Management :: essays research papers

MGT4121Week Eight Journal Submission Chapter 14 Case Study trap WelchIn a classroom where Jack Welch has appeared more than 250 times in the past seventeen years to engage some 15,000 GE managers and executives, something extraordinary happens. The legendary chairwoman of GE, the take-no-prisoners tough guy who gets results at any cost, becomes human. His slight stutter, a handicap that has bedeviled him since childhood, makes him oddly vulnerable. The students see all of Jack here the management theorist, strategic thinker, moving in teacher, and corporate icon who made it to the top despite his working-class background. The fact is no one leaves the room untouched. If leadership is an art, then surely Mr. Welch has proved himself a master painter. Few have personified corporate leadership more dramatically. Fewer still have so consistently delivered on the results of that leadership. For 17 years, while free companies and their chieftains have come and gone, Welch has led GE t o one revenue and earnings record after another. What can be inferred from this case study is the fact that Jack Welch does it through sheer force of personality, coupled with an unbridled passion for winning the game of business and a keen attention to details many chieftains would only overlook. He does it because he encourages near-brutal candor in the meetings he holds to guide the caller-up through each work year. And he does it because, above all else, hes a fierce believer in the power of his people.Welch likes to call GE the grocery store. The metaphor, however quirky for such a large firm, allows Welch to mentally roller up his sleeves, slip into an apron, and get behind the counter. There, he can get to know every employee and serve every customer.After being extremely disbelieving of quality programs, whats going on at GE now is Six Sigma. Jack Welch felt that quality programs were too heavy on slogans and to short circuit on results. Yet, Six Sigma is different. A Si x Sigma quality level in a company like GE can save a company a great deal of money.

Controversial Television Program Essay

My topic is Controversial Television Program I believe that I placet exclusively pertain to only one source. Why? Having a specific source restricts the information available for my topic that will hinder the comparisons of the advantages and disadvantages of certain controversial programs.A controversial television program doesnt necessarily mean it has a negative impact to the audience, rather than a good ceremonious discussion for audience to tackle a particular issue that has a significant effect to the society or to an individual. It does not constraints ones idea, rather it asks us to call on open minded and embrace various issues to talk about and open our minds and do something about it. This controversial television program varies from time to time. Decades ago, people argon more conservative and restrict television programs that only cater to their taste, to their way of living. But now, people opt to have taste of these things that enhance their minds and argue things. I have chosen 3 various resources for my paper, and these three resources are great combinations to help me enable present a better research paper. These resources are in the same form of media as to my topic, and would surely cover all my questions and be able to expound a good argument to my audience.

Cause and Effect Essay Essay

In bring Four Scene One Friar Lawrence explains the plan to Juliet, come upon special K this vial, being then in bed, And this distilled liquor drink thou off, When presently with all thy veins shall run A cold and drowsy humor, for no pulse Shall keep his native progress, but surcease. No warmth, no breath shall testify thou livest. The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fade To paly ashes, thy eyes windows fall Like finis when he shuts up the day of life. Each part, deprived of supple government, Shall, stiff and stark and cold, come out of the closet like death.And in this borrowed likeness of shrunk death Thou shalt slide by two and forty hours,And then awake as from a pleasant sleep. Now, when the bridegroom in the morning comes To rouse thee from thy bed, there art thou dead. Then, as the manner of our country is, In thy best robes uncovered on the bier Thou shalt be borne to that like ancient vault Where all the kindred of the Capulets lie. In the meantime, against t hou shalt awake, Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift,And hither shall he come, and he and I Will mold thy waking, and that very night Shall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua.In Act Four Scene One Friar Lawrence explains the plan to Juliet, Take thou this vial, being then in bed, And this distilled liquor drink thou off, When presently through all thy veins shall run A cold and drowsy humor, for no pulse Shall keep his native progress, but surcease. No warmth, no breath shall testify thou livest. The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fade To paly ashes, thy eyes windows fall Like death when he shuts up the day of life. Each part, deprived of supple government, Shall, stiff and stark and cold, appear like death.And in this borrowed likeness of shrunk death Thou shalt continue two and forty hours,And then awake as from a pleasant sleep. Now, when the bridegroom in the morning comes To rouse thee from thy bed, there art thou dead. Then, as the manner of our country is, In thy best robes uncovered on the bier Thou shalt be borne to that same ancient vault Where all the kindred of the Capulets lie. In the meantime, against thou shalt awake, Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift,And hither shall he come, and he and I Will watch thy waking, and that very night Shall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua.

Problems why Students fail? Essay

Do you inhabit the problems visiters face during their college? Does it affect ein truth inch of you when it comes to unalike aspects of world in savants college brio? Have you ever notice these problems and what do you do in narrate to cope up with it? Can you give the problems college students face? ar you al occupyy aw atomic number 18 of it or not? Starting college is a difficult decision to be made. But after give noticeing it, all of the problems we faced volition worth it. universe in college moveister bring more than anxiety in the heart of a new college student be grammatical case of all the unknowns and hidden things behind. What should my study and course be? Will I meet right friends of mine? How result I find time in all of my lessons? What argon the things I should be aw atomic number 18 with? College life is a practice to those students who wants to be successful in their lives in the prox. Academics and extra-curricular activities should be managed wellspring.That is wherefore students should be shaped and taught active creationness aware of opportunities. There are lots of challenges a college student might face exclusively in order to survive, he must first learn to sacrifice. There are problems we whitethorn encounter during these years tat is wherefore we should embrace all the things that may arise. Students must be brave and strong decorous to face those challenges that will come ahead.This control foc social occasions on The Different Problems of College Students. It contains ten (10) chapters which are presented on the table of contents.Being a college student is a stepping sway in reaching and redeemting what you want in life afterwards. If we compare our Pre- discipline, Kindergarten, Primary and Secondary levels of studying. It is the Tertiary level or the college level that plays very important, horrendous and hardworking spews in accomplishing our goals.AcknowledgementThis apply gives information to all college students who know different problems in their study. The authors of this book are also a student that is why it became easier for them to write a book the likes of this. But not all the credit is for the authors, there are people behind the success of this book. The authors of this research would like to thank different people who had been part of this book.First of all, the authors would like to thank Mrs. Evangeline Leonardo who encourage the researchers to wee it intercept despite of difficulties in preparing it, different problems happened slice starting this book, merely Mrs. Leonardo became an inspiration to the researcher she said When you start something make sure that you will give notice it, this message from her became the motivator to the researcher to finish this book. Secondly, the authors would like to thank their parents for ever so chthonicstanding that writing a book like this is a difficult one, their parents became more supportive to them. Havi ng supportive parents became an advantage to finish this book.To BSA-102, authors would like to acknowledge their section Bachelor of Science in Accountancy, 102 who became an inspiration to them to make recognition for their course and to make their section be proud of what they had make in this book. And lastly, the Lord and God who gave this group especially the trinityer the strength and guidance in order to be successful on this project.About the AuthorsBalmores, Donabelle is a 17 year-old girl who graduated at Taong High school. She was natural on February 15, 1996. She lives in Industrial Valley Complex, Marikina City. She wants to be a professional restrainer and Architect some twenty-four hours. She is kind, loving, understanding, serious, funny and awesome. She loves to travel a lot with the ones she love. She has numerous dreams but she plans it to be one step at a time. Her parents are Leonora Japson and Jefferson Japson.Padua, Julie Ann L. is a 16 year-old girl w ho graduated at Antipolo bailiwick high gear who wants to be a Fashion designer someday. She is small but intelligent, industrious, jolly and friendly, transparent, cute and thoughtful. She was born on July 4, 1996. Her parents are Gracia Padua and Louie Padua.Cruz, Jenny Ann C. is a 17 year-old girl from Malanday, Marikina City. She was born on November 29, 1995 and graduated at Malanday National High school. She wants to be a CPA someday. She is a round-eyed soul, talkative and prayerful. Before she closed her eyes, she unceasingly prays to God to give him strength and guidance. Her parents are Jennifer Cruz and Efren Cruz.Edillor, Monna V. is a 16 year-old girl who graduated at Silangan National High school. She lives in Tierra Monte, Silangan San Mateo. She wants to construct a better future and to be a CPA someday. She was born on June 20, 1996.She is a simple girl, sometimes naughty, caring, loves to run down footlong and spaghetti. She is also a very jealous person and quick tempered. Her parents are Rosie Edillor and Ramon Edillor.Eroles, Melanie R. is an 18 year-old girl from Ampid I, San Mateo Rizal born on January 21, 1995. She finished 1st year-3rd year high up school at Sta. Cruz Institute, Marinduque. She graduated at St. Mary Integrated Learning School. She wants to achieve her goals and to be a CPA someday. She is simple, serious, and funny at times, quick tempered, loves playing and eating burger.Garcia, Beverly O. is a 16 year-old girl who graduated at Fortune High school. She wants to be a programmer and encoder. She loves organismness polite and obedient. She was born on May 8, 1996. Her parents are Cherry Garcia and Pedro Garcia.Letada, Jessa Lynel N.- is a 17 year-old girl from Farmers 2 Tumana, Marikina City. She graduated at Central for Positive Futures and wants to be happy and successful affluent according to my goals. She is tall, serious and happy person.Her parents are Lilibeth Letada and Arnel Letada.Macaraeg,Ara M ia Julian C. is a 17 year-old girl born on December 5,1995 who graduated at Taong Highschool and lives in Taong, Marikina City. He wants to be a CPA someday. She is serious, moody, sometimes funny, simple and kind. She doesnt care close(predicate) what people might tell her but it doesnt mean she has nothing to say in return. Her parents are Almira Macaraeg and Aaron Macaraeg.Medina,Jr., Maximino F. a 16 year-old boy who is studying in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina. He was born on May 13, 1996. She is a typical college students who is not smart but target absorb ehat the proctor teaches. He is sometimes a superfluous student. His parents are Maximino Medina Sr. and Ma. Corazon F. Medina.Boredom in school has different causes that make a student do badly in their learning ha place. Its causes could be a simple dis occupy. Its make would either make their school life not so pricey or their career not so productive. However, this study government issue about blaseom might not be too interesting to some students. But this would let them know that simple things like boredom could affect their lives.CAUSES OF tediumThere are many causes of boredom that a student acquires. There are also such simple itemors of becoming bored because of little bit complicated causes that are not popularly known. It is important to have knowledge of a cause of a specific matter. That knowledge would give an idea on how to prevent being bored. Less enjoyable things and topicsTopics or overleap of challenge can cause boredom. Students begin bored if they already know the topic being covered in class. Gifted student, for psyc signtric testple grasp concepts easily and quickly and exhibit skill proficiency beyond their grade level. Boredom in school is also caused by lack of application of knowledge and some students might deem that subjects or topics they are learning are not relevant to their lives and future careers.Atmosphere and weatherThe atmosphere and weather ar e also factors of being bored. For example, for the month of March, students could feel the summer heat therefore, they cannot focalization more on the topic in their class. Thus, it makes them bored once theyve realized that they cannot cope up with the lessons. Impaired ability of a student to actively focusOne more cause of boredom is the impaired ability of a student. near examples are Non verbal Learning Disorder (NLD) that impairs a persons ability to solve problems, think critically or creatively, form concepts and reasons. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) are similar diseases that rob students of the ability to pay caution in class and complete assignments. DISADVANTAGES OF GETTING BOREDEffects of boredom would never have any advantages. Unless being on a fantasy-like situation. Boredom makes students do things that is unnecessary for a student to do. Boredom also redirects the students attending or focus away from the lectures.Low test scoresBoredom may lead students to belong in class by having low test scores. Low test score may be the effect of not being implicated in class or not paying attention at all.Poor stability and retention of materialPoor retention of materials used in lectures is also a factor of having low grades. Understanding a book or any materials that is used in lectures is important. Those who are too lazy to read the material or cannot cope upwith the topic in the book would surely feel bored. Of course, listening to the teacher while reading cannot help you to watch out on the discussions properly. Drop-outsDrop-outs may occur if the students are not willing to participate or focus on their learning. However, dissatisfaction with the variety of classes offered, lack of application of knowledge, and disinterest in classes were more common among those who drops their school. EFFECTS TO STUDENTSMost of the students would normally care less about the reason of being bored. H owever, they are pretty a lot aware of the effects of it to them. Declination to contribute in countrys productivityEffects of boredom may come to the point that in the future after they graduate, they would not be contributing to the productivity of their country.Failure to reveal skills to succeed in work placeBoredom also prevents them to acquire the skills they fate to advance in their work that causes poor job performance. Without the skills they need, their workplace, school works, or anything that requires focus will make it hard for the students to finish it without strays.Failure to apply themselves in classHowever, being a student or an employee, boredom surely causes them to fail to apply themselves in their class or workplace. For a student, being so much bored that they are not focusing on the lessons because they are no more interested in it, they cannot participate in recitations and activities.POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO HELP STUDENTSPossible solutions that students doe s to debar boredom are reading books unrelated to class, do hearthstonework for other class or subject, and chat with their peers. Some could average grab a book do productive things that could at least satisfy their being bored state.Read books unrelated to class to satisfy your egoReading is a hobby for many because people lose themselves in an imaginary world as they read. Reading is a good discipline. Reading books that catches your interest surely gets rid of your boredom. Do home works for other classesHome work relieves boredom because it exercises brain capacity and keeps you busy. Doing homework when bored is a good thing to do. Create an artwork chasten painting and other recreations to be entertained. Make a collage of your photos or cut-outs from magazines. Draw a sketch. Use watercolors or crayons for your masterpiece. Its your time to get creative.CHAPTER 9LACK OF SELF-CONFIDENCE privation of Self Confidence is having an overall negative view of you, judging oneself or placing a negative value on oneself as a person. A students self confidence has a revealing in allthing that she/he does. Because of the lack of self confidence, a student cant have a good academic performance and theres a possibility that it can lessen a students passion to learn and their ability to focus and their willingness to take a risks. A student can have a low self confidence if she/he fix different problems. For example, Accommodations unnecessarily on negative occasions such as failures and disappointments, instead of using the event as a learning experience she/ he postulate to think the negative side and also the forethought of failure. There are many reasons why a student cant larn their self confidence. CAUSES OF LACK OF SELF-CONFIDENCEThere are many reasons why students lack self confidence. They are based on the experiences youve had in life, and the messages that these experiences have given you is the kind of person you are. If your experiences have been negative, your beliefs about yourself are likely to be negative too. These three causes that are prepared is one of those reason why the students has a low self esteem. Setting of un earthy goalSome students think of the thing which doesnt rightfully exist or happened. Sometimes they on the button came up on realizing that it is just an imagination and untruthful. For example, you are the student ad you have your final examination tomorrow but unfortunately you dont want to review your notes and youre trying to expect you would pass your exam. As we can see, this cant be happened unless you are a genius student who doesnt need any materials because of your stocked knowledge. Another example is when your goal is to become a CEO of a company but you have no experience yet, this goal is not realistic because in the first place you became a CEO you need to have lot of experiences first. Lost of a family memberSecondly is the lose of family member, maybe experiencing very traumatic incident may cause decrease in self esteem. For example, after witnessing the death of a mother knowing that they are very close can lead to a stamp of being alone. This can cause hard feelings to a child because she felt like everybody cant understand her feelings so as a result, her motivation to studies does not go strong.Past experience of failureThird and last is Past experience of failure in a exam, if a student experience that, it can cause a low self esteem. For example, every time that he takes an exam he always gets a failed grade and because of that his confidence is goes down. This is the common reason why students get deteriorate in their studies. This is also can cause a lack of confidence because of the reason that he encounters especially during taking of exams. We all feel afraid some times or the other. At times, because of fear of failure, we do not master courage to try out new things. mess generally challenge their own potential to avoid facing any full-grow nger failure in life. Failure is generally synonymous with lack of confidence in your own abilities. A lot of people go through this feeling of fear of failure.CLUES TO KNOW IF YOU LACK SELF-CONFIDENCESelf-confidence is the specific drive that brings students in greater heights. People, who are not blessed with those skills, are able to get to the top because they feel and believe that they can do it. Self-confidenceis an invisible motivational drive that will make things happen and turn the impossible into a possibility. Self-confidence empowers people beyond their expectations, and if you lack self-confidence, then you are taking away your chance to go the distance.People see you as defensiveSome student is become defensive if theres a thing questioning to them. It can cause a bad or a good reason depending on the answers. Being defensive is also a reason why the self esteem of a student is goes down because sometimes being defensive is not good characteristic to achieve your self esteem. Sometimes student use the defensive way to cover something what is real and too much of being defensive is not good unless things are not real.You give reason for your action unnecessarilyYou can do other way, you can use explanation and this is a good example. If you think your action is good and others think it is bad try to explain to them to understand it. Explanations are better than being defensive. shipway TO HELP YOU ENHANCE YOUR SELF-CONFIDENCETo develop the self confidence of a student, you need to focus on the things that can help to improve your self confidence. improve your self confidence increases your confidence and it is a first step towards finding happiness and a better life. enumerate at your strength and not your weaknessesLook at your strength and not your weaknesses every time you encounter different problems. Think positively about yourself to counteract it and do the things that give you a good and inspirational feeling. Focus on the positive way n ot the negative to achieve your goals and dreams in life. Make the decision carefully and do it right.Start mentation positively about yourselfStart thinking positively about yourself and make a list of all your positive traits that can help to you develop yourself. You can also ask your friends about your positive traits and this will be helpful to you because it givesto you more idea on what to do and it will help you gain confidence. And youll be positively surprised at how many good traits that you have.Act as if youre confidentDont be harsh to your decision because being harsh is a wrong move and it gives to you a mark feeling. You can also ask your friend for a suggestion about yourself and to be a more confident student you can express your feelings to others, study your lesson, having fun, and try to become friendly to others. Always think that every trials and hindrances came there has a solution. uniform others say, problem is exists because they have a solution.NATURAL REMEDIESLife coachingLife coaching is one of the best tools to improve your self confidence and your set realistic goals. Life coaching is best for the students who have a low self confidence why? Because life coaching helps you to become more proud to your self and it gives to you different ideas to resolve your problems. It is also different from consulting, mentoring, advice, and therapy or counseling. The coaching is a process addresses to a specific personal projects, studies successes, general conditions and transitions in the student life, kinship or profession by examining what is going on right now, discovering what your obstacle or challenges might be and choosing a course of action to make your life be what you want it be.CHAPTER 10LACK OF MOTIVATIONOne of the most common problems students face in college includes lack of motivation. As we all know, college life is different from high school and elementary levels. In here, students are free to do what they want. They ca n get away from their parents, live in dormitories, drink freely and string out with friends. But aside from that, college students can also experience different frustrations and pressures in studies.There are times when they also feel so bored, tired and weak. This is due to lack of motivation. Motivation is the internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal.CAUSES OF LACK OF MOTIVATIONBecause of the different factors that affect students in focusing in their studies they constantly undergo to lack of motivation. Sometimes due to their friends, they are being influenced not to make their tasks. Among the causes of lack of motivations are depression, fear of failure, low self-esteem, lack of interest, and stress. embossmentDepression is a medical illness that causes a constant feeling of sadness and lack of interest. It affects how the person feels, behaves and thinks. Usually it is being experienced by college students especially when they are far away from home. They tend to feel alone and homesick. Others get depressed because of financial problems, relationships and studies. People with depression find it hard to go about their daily activities. Sometimes they might also feel that life is not worth living.One of the most common symptoms of depression is called anhedonia, or the lack of interest in activities, especially ones that once used to be pleasurable. Depression can wreak havoc on academic and professional success. Treating the depression generally has a very positive effect on motivation and productivity.Fear of failureSome people have a character of being a perfectionist. It means they always want things to be perfect. For them mistakes are failures. This develops an inherent fear of failure, which is presented by avoiding work. Instead, people who are afraid of failing avoid the goal feels safer than trying and not succeeding. This carriage must be change because it will lead to taking things for granted. Students feel the pressure when there are tasks assignto them. They feel nervous whenever the deadline comes. Because of fear to fail in their fields they just simply make things easily in a signified that they do it quickly. This results to unsightly work. Furthermore, there are also students that because of fear to fail did not want to engage in any works. They dont want to try before quit. Therefore they inclined to lost interest and also lost motivation.Low self-esteemAnother cause of lack of motivation is self-esteem. People who have low self-esteem tend to believe that they are not capable of succeeding and often self-sabotage. They will miss deadlines, procrastinate, double-book or put in minimal effort so that the project or task is not perfectly complete, there is something else to blame. Aside from that, low self-esteem decreases a persons self-confidence. Deflecting personal responsibility helps preserve a delicate sense of self that comes with low self-esteem.Lack of interestSome tasks are uninteresting and that makes them difficult to engage in. Students require frequent rewards and if the school subject or project is not interesting enough, it is natural to not participate in it. This becomes especially problematic when students are involved in major, class or career that is uninteresting. Their attention will be diverted elsewhere, resulting in poor grades or low performance at work.StressStress takes up a significant sum total of cognitive and emotional bandwidth. Some people cope with stress and feeling overwhelmed by avoiding deadlines or finding triggers to engage in substance use again. Lack of sleep due to stress or overwhelm can also make it difficult to feel motivated. While a person is stress they cannot focus on their works and lose a chance to do their task properly. Students mostly college students are prone to this kind of problem. Thi s is because they are busy in their studies, projects, home works and other activities that can generate stress. In fact, students who are stress-out might also be depressed due to frustration. To avoid being stress you need to give yourself some time to rest and have enough sleepeveryday. TECHNIQUES TO HELP YOURSELF GAIN MOTIVATIONFrom our previous lessons we discussed about the different causes why students lack on motivation. For us to overcome this problem we must follow some techniques to help you gain motivation.Develop a primary goalIt is important for a student to build or set up a primary goal. This will help them to get motivated and develop themselves. The most common mistake that we make is that we try to take on too many goals at once. One example of this is my experience. At times I always set up too many goals to achieve. I always say to myself that I can do all of this but later I find myself stuck up and finish nothing. I realized that I cannot maintain energy and f ocus in the goals that I want to accomplish. So it is really necessary for us especially to students to choose one goal and concentrate on it. This will help you to make things always on the line and help you do other goals.Meditation base on my experience it is really hard to change your habits. It requires great effort in order to get motivated. As students we should always keep our fountainhead snotty-nosed for us to have a good outlook in life. Meditation can be a great way to relax and de-stress, as well as to create emotional and spiritual well being. If youre a person who loves studying or workaholic, you probably dont have much energy left to feel motivated. If thats the case, you need to slow yourself down and let your mind relaxes so you can rejuvenate and reenergize your body. Meditation helps you do twain of these things. It gives you the opportunity to let your stress and anxiety seep out of your body and allows you to decompress and find the energy to reach the goal s you have set for yourself. So, take a few minutes and just breathe.Let out the negative and let in the positive. If you want to stay motivated, you have to work at it. And if you follow this activity, your mind will make motivational thinking a habit. Before you know it, your dreams will be a reality. Fortunately, meditation may help you overcome these alike scarcity conversations in your head. Now if you could just start meditating you will also be able to find inner peace.Be physically fit plain though students are busy in their studies and other activities, they should not forget to take care of themselves. They must stay strong, healthy and physically fit. A person who is physically has much higher energy than those who does not engage in physical activities. Exercising is a good example of making your body glowing. It is not just about aerobic capacity and muscle size. Surely, exercise improves your health but it has even greater benefits for your energy, mood, and brain pow er. In addition, eating plenty of vegetables and intoxication 8-10 glasses of water will contribute to your bodys growth and development. This will help you gets motivated in every action that you obtain.Conclusion every(prenominal) student should acquire or should know the proper applying of decision making in able for them to assess their expected outcomes. Decision making can make your life easier and full of happiness if you just practice controlling and managing your decisions wisely. Every problem in college life has its own solution, the only thing we need to do is to know and find it.The tips and advices in this book can help you to your problem as a college student but the only one who can really solve your problem is your own self. Money Management is a very effective way to make your budget last up to last day of the month. Although it is difficult to achieve, youll start making hard decisions, cannot go to all of your barkadas hang-outs, but like all other things, we ju st need practice and be mindful of wherever our money goes. Money Management is very useful especially for students if they only know how to use it appropriately and it can help them to become smart in handling financial figures.It is only a problem when there is a shortage of money and an inappropriate use of allowances. The recommended tips on this book can help students to be guided in managing money. If it cant really solve money shortage immediately, it can still become a basis for a college student in their first step in keeping their money in the right place. Our wallets may not have a stomach but it is always better if it is full. When we think on the positive side of pressure on studies, wecan definitely tell that it helps us to be matured and take the challenges we faced by encouraging yourself not to give up easily.Remember that when there is a problem there will always answer for that. Just take time and not decide urgent because when you decide when youre under pressure you can think for the consequences of your decisions that you made. When youre under pressure, take that as challenge for you to grow up. Pressure helps you to work hard on your work so be thankful. We can attain the things that we want to if we just strive hard. But also remember when there is positive, there is negative Peer pressure can be good or bad but it depends on the person that thinks about it. He can use it for the betterment of his future career or future life.It really plays a very big factor when it comes to the development stage mostly of the teenagers. Peer pressure is a part of every teenagers life, this is where they find themselves and discover what kind of temper they have.Being a college student, having a relationship or falling in love to the opposite sex is an unavoidable thing. Relationship is good in the fact that this gives you a better determination in studying, somehow makes you feel better to school every day and to impress during class the one you lov e. But fails to know their limits lead to a very complicated situation which somehow leads to the destruction of your dreams. So it is always good to think a hundred times before engaging to those activities which is not yet ready or not yet allowed for both of you to engage with.Remember that when reality fails, nothing you could do in order to correct those wrongs you have done. Relationships are good, but sometimes it can be a problem. There are times in every relationship where a couple will have a disagreement or an issue. Disagreements between couples can distract students from their school work and add to already high stress levels. Break-ups can drive some students even further into depression. Depression is a distressing experience but there are many kinds of help available.Sadly, you may not always get the help you need, sometimes because you may feel too hopeless about your situation to ask. It can change lots of things in ones personality, especially colleges. I think st udents should know their limits to handle the things that made them stress. Depression doesnt have any positive outcome to us but sometimes we need to take the problems seriously,and treat them as a nature of every man. Think on the positive ways to solve it. Being bored is a choice that you make when the first thing or second you think of to do is unavailable to you. Youre left with things that you considered less enjoyable, and thereof youre bored. When I was in this situation, the solution to that problem was easy.I opened new doors. I looked for new things to do. Lack of Self confidence is one of the biggest problems of a student because being some students possesses and acquires this. There are many reason why students self confidence goes down. But in order to boost and develop your self esteem, you need the help of this book. Students need to develop their selves in acquiring confidence to achieve good grades and a better life in future. Everyone holds opinions about the typ e of person they are but keep in mind that these opinions are at the heart of self-esteem and it will affect how you feel about and value yourself. Self-esteem fixed your beliefs about yourself and it can change throughout your life as a result of circumstance and experience. If you have low self-esteem, these beliefs will often be negative.You may not focus on what you feel to your weaknesses and mistakes that you have made but to those strengths. Learned that Self-confidence is extremely important in almost every aspect of our lives, yet so many people struggle to find it. Sadly, this can be a vicious circle People who lack self-confidence can find it difficult to become successful. Lack of motivation is the last topic that is discussed in this book. We know that we cannot avoid being lazy or having lack of interest in our works at times. It is normal, but making this a habit is not good. As a student we always have to be motivated in every action we do so that we can come up to a great work. Behind every goal that we desire to achieve motivation has been the influence behind it. Motivation is the force of life, and the drive of all actions. In order to succeed we have to concern ourselves and take a lot of effort to motivate ourselves.BibliographyStudent Orientation Programs Introduction to College Life, Becoming Familiar with the New Environment, Welcome to the Community, Conclusion StateUniversity.com http//education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2462/Student-Orientation-Programs.hypertext markup languageixzz2O0F1sjmX(http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making)http//www.mysahana.org/2012/04/six-common-reasons-for-lack-of-motivation/ http//www.inc.com/geoffrey-james/motivate-yourself-to-work-harder-6-tricks.html www.geocities.ws/lightningscattersdarkness/Boredom.docen.wikipedia.org/wiki/BoredomAdjustment To College Types of Adjustment, Services Available to Assist with Adjustment Students,Student,Social,andRelationshipsStateUniversity.com http//education. stateuniversity.com/pages/1735/Adjustment-College.htmlixzz2O50mwDkk http//www.aboutourkids.org/articles/transition_college_separation_change_parents_students http//www.thefreedictionary.com/sleeplessnesshttp//www.helium.com/items/967588-anxiety-issues-among-college-students http//www.nelsonsnaturalworld.com/en-us/uk/a-z-of-ailments/emotional-health/lack-of-self-confidence/

Pacific oil company Essay

The Pacific Oil Company went into negotiations with Reliant Manufacturing, and its goal was to sign a more long-term agreement. Pacific assumed that the current involve would be signed with no major hurdles or objectives, and that the dominant point of negotiation would be price. Jean Fontaine, who is the marketing vice prexy for Pacific Oil, went into a negotiation process with Reliant. Jean started the process several years before Reliant Manufacturings contract was up, hoping to beat her competition to the reduce price offers and leave with a contract extension of 5 years.Unfortunately, Jean did not properly research her clients demands or adequately project what the outcome might be. Because of this, Pacific Oil Company was not prepared to address the concerns and requests that Reliant brought up during the negotiation. Though both parties wanted to incite quickly toward signing a contract, Pacific Oil Company elongated this process because it did not have a thorough negot iation strategy that include a contingency plan or best alternatives.Pacific oil also neglected to draw out its best alternatives or bottom sop up in advance. Staying on the Same Page in Business Negotiations Pacific believed that other elements of the contract might be discussed, but that no dramatic changes would be expected. Because of Pacifics lack of strategic planning, they wasted valuable time, money, emotional stress and energy. They also risked losing other opportunities that could have been more favorable for them. Adding to the problem was Pacifics assumption that Reliant would sign a new contract quickly.Because of the time and money spent on traveling and negotiating back and forth, and the potential need for new technology development, which would be based on the contracts outcome, Pacific Oil Company became increasingly desperate to finalize a contract with Reliant. As a result, Reliant obtained the advantage needed to make more demands during negotiations. Additiona lly, Reliant was aware of Pacific Oils dependence on its business, and took in force(p) advantage of these opportunities.

Nature †Man Destruction Essay

We as human beings are very fortunate to be living on this planet that we call acres. We boil over the land, and in return we receive provisions off of which we live. Even though we get all that we need from this bountiful land, we still for some flat coat feel like we need to alter it. In doing so we also end up ruining the land that we thrive on. We reshape the world to tally our individual needs, and the earth just doesnt work that way. Everything on this planet has a purpose, from the largest animal to the microscopic bacteria, and without it, it is impossible to live in malignony throng have learned how to turn wild natural areas to dram land, how to exploit minerals to adapt their needs, how to build roads and houses to expand their territories.People continuously improve their cognition and develop technologies to improve their lives. It is undeniable that these activities of human beings make their lives better than ever before. Nevertheless, those activities also cause side-effects to the Earth because of pollution, deforestation, and exaggerated natural resources exploitation. As Man progresses scientifically, he has also become more destructive. Examine the statement with respect to events and happenings around you and giving sufficient examples wherever necessary.Man has, over the ages, been progressively moving towards a world and life of destruction. What most people fail to realise is that this destruction is not only the destruction of the world around us, but also a systematic destruction of the universe inside ourselves. Man has been destroying trees, forests, the birds and the bees, and on a completely different level, he has been destroying himself in terms of his mind, body and soul. forest is inquire for help in desperation. For last few decades, the forest areas have been reduced to 50 percent because of human deforestation.Green forestland of the Earth can be compared to the lungs of human. How rose-cheeked you are if their lungs are trespassed. I am sure that you result get more difficult with aspiration as a result your health will be affect badly. From this example, we can infer that how serious problem our Earth has to face with. I wonder how long it can endure. In conclusion, the human beings harm the Earth. Human beings as well as their dear planet, the Earth, have been badly suffered by what caused by humans themselves. I hope that humans are before longaware of those problems so that they can have suitable policies in order to not only improve their lives but also keep and maintain the Earth fresh and green.Science

How to Establish and Maintain a Safe and Supportive Learning Environment Essay

A suitable schooling environment is crucial for effective learning to take place. This involves not only the venue and resources used, but also your attitude and the support you give to your students ( Gravells A 2012, pg 24). In providing an ideal learning environment, you might catch to be creative and work with the settings you are provided with. You must consider your students health and preventative needs, and work within the boundaries of your organisation policies.Should there be any concerns about health and safety you must inform your organisations designated personnel. At no time should your learners health and safety be compromised. To establish purposeful learning in your given environment you must arrange the physical space to be conducive to discussion, and you as the facilitator should be easily seen by your learners. The toilet facilities should be clearly accessible, and any disable needs are met. When food and drink are provided, it should be suitable for everyon e.For face the vegetarians, kosher and halal preferences, should be catered too as far as possible. If you have a break time it is good practice to let your learners complete when this will take place. Knowing this can help your learners focus on their learning. Delivering your sessions with passion can help to motivate your learners. It is your responsibility to be prepared make sure your environment is clean, and at the right temperature. If it is too hot, be considerate and open doors or windows- do try to solve or manage the problem. also the quality of your lesson, tells your learners, you are professional and serious about your job. In such an environment your learners can feel safe secure, confident, and valued (Gravells A 2012 pg25). This safety startle approach is reflective of Maslows Hierarchy of needs, which states if ones basic needs are met, and one feels comfortable, then one can feel a sense of belonging, which positively affects self esteem, this in turn can hav e a positive effect on learning Maslow 1987. (Gravells A 2012 pg 42).

Linguistics Plus Essay

A. The Backround Of Study In the preceding chapters , linguals has been discussed mainly as the scientific study of linguistic processs. According to this view, linguistic is a theoritical, pussyfoot, schoolman correction. It describes the nature of human speech activity in scientific terms and linguistics atomic number 18 see to belong to different schools of thought and to hold competing linguistic theories. We have seen what this view of linguistics has to contri fur in that location to talking to teaching. There is another view of linguistics which cuts across all schools of linguistic thought and is common free-base among all linguistics.In this view,linguistics is abody of attitudes and knowledge which result from the study of things ilk nature of verbiage as a communicative, social activity phrase in the one-on-one , his speech mechanism and psychical capacities for words spoken language in society varieties of language , the rigorous description of inciden t languages , etc . This common ground the linguistics is outright relevant to whole field of language teaching . B. The Formulation Of Study Based on the backrgound of study that explained, we fermentulate some problems that will be explained in this discussion, there are 1. What is the meaning of psycholinguistics? 2. What is language encyclopedism? 3. is the initiative language training the same as outset language acuisition? 4. What is the interference from L1 in nurture L2? C. The Perpose Of Writing To obtain a focused, it is necessary to tell the purpose of this paper. The purposes of writing this paper are 1. Make the readers know rough Psycholinguistic , language science , First and back up language, Motivation in L2 learning , and Language Interference. 2. Knowing the different between First and Secong Language D. Research Of Methodology.There are umteen manners that can be used in educational research, such as historical method, descriptive method, experimental method etc. We use the description method in orderliness to meet the purpose of the research. CHAPTER 2 LINGUISTIC PLUS (CHAPTER 6 IN BOOK) A. PSYCHOLINGUISTICS PSIKOLINGUISTIK As its name suggests, psycholinguistics is a field study that combines psychology and linguistics. The term itself was coined in 1951. though the study had been going on eveb in the nineteenth century in the form of the study of language development. It includes a ample variety of topics that are of pastime to language teachers.Some of these are how language is received and assignd by language user our memory span of language motivating in language learning how L1 Habits interface with L2 learning billingualism and mental development the use of language in concept formation and language acquistion or development. Seperti namanya, psikolinguistik adalah studi lapangan yang menggabungkan psikologi dan linguistik. Istilah itu sendiri diciptakan pada tahun 1951. Meskipun penelitian telah terjadi bahkan pada abad kesembilan belas dalam bentuk studi perkembangan bahasa.Ini mencakup berbagai macam topik yang menarik bagi guru bahasa. Beberapa di antaranya adalah bagaimana bahasa diterima dan dihasilkan oleh pengguna bahasa memori kita rentang bahasa motivasi dalam belajar bahasa bagaimana Kebiasaan L1 antarmuka dengan pembelajaran belajar L2 dan perkembangan mental penggunaan bahasa dalam pembentukan konsep, dan akuisisi bahasa atau pembangunan. B. LANGUAGE ACQUISTION TRANSISI BAHASA The last mentioned topic is currently being much investigated by TG grammarians because their linguistic surmisal makes such on the language producing ability of human beings.It is thereof of interest to them, as it is to teachers, to find out how language is acquired. ( it may be say at this point that they make a distinction between language acquisition or development and language learning . The first language or mother tongue is acquired, bit the bit language is versed. ) Topik terakhir yang dis ebutkan saat ini sedang diselidiki oleh banyak tatabahasawan tradisional grammar karena teori linguistik mereka membuatnya seperti bahasa dapat menghasilkan kemampuan manusia.Oleh karena itu sangat menarik bagi mereka, terutama untuk guru, untuk mengetahui bagaimana bahasa diperoleh. (Mungkin terdapat pada bahasan ini bahwa mereka membuat perbedaan antara penguasaan bahasa atau pengembangan dan pembelajaran bahasa asli atau bahasa ibu yang langsung diperoleh, sedangkan bahasa asing harus dipelajari. ) There are dickens theories of language acquisition the cognitive-code learning theory f-voured by the transformational generative linguists and the enjoyment-formation theory of the structural linguists.The habit-formation theory is in effect the aplication of learning theory to language acquisition. It involves conditioning and reinforcement to shape a solvent until it is like the position . An example mat make the process clear. An infant may accidentally produce what sound like mama ,on his babbling and the mother reinforces this by smiling , kissing, cuddling him.. This encourages him to produce the sounds again and the nearer they approach the word mama , the to a greater extent pleasure the mother shows until the child learns to say the word correctly every time with reference to her.The whole process is described as shaping the receipt and strengthening it by selective reinforcement. The response is encouraged to recur or strengthened by the smile or nod , or whatever is reinforcing to the child. reiterate occurences of the response from habit. Imitation plays as important a role as repetition in the theory. The child imitates the adults he hears and is again reinforced for correct responses. This theory of language acquisition is based on the view that language is behaviour that results from habits and habits are formed by practice and repetion.Ada dua teori akuisisi bahasa teori belajar kode kognitif mempelajari teori f-voured oleh ahli bahasa tr ansformasi generatif linguistik dan teori-kebiasaan hasil pembentukan ahli bahasa struktural. Teori formasi kebiasaan yang pada kenyataannya aplikasi dari teori belajar akuisisi bahasa. Ini melibatkan pengkondisian dan penguatan untuk membentuk respon sampai seperti model atau contoh yang ada, misalnya sebuah kaset untuk membuatnya sebagai contoh. Contoh lain adalah Bayi yang dapat menghasilkan sebuah kata yang terdengar seperti mama, saat mengoceh dan ibunya memperkuat ini dengan memberikan senyuman, mencium,atau memeluk dia .Hal ini dapat mendorong dia untuk menghasilkan suara lagi dan semakin dekat dengan kata mama yang sebenarnya, respon senang yang ditunjukan ibunya itu terus ditunjukan hinngga anak belajar mengucapkan kata kata dengan. Seluruh proses yang digambarkan sebagai pembentuk respon dan penguatan dengan penguatan selektif. Respon yang didorong untuk muncul kembali atau diperkuat oleh senyum atau anggukan, atau apapun yang dapat memperkuat kepada anak untuk melakukan s esuatu. Kejadian yang diulang dari respon dan dari kebiasaan.Permainan meniru sama penting peranannya sebagai teori. Anak meniru orang dewasa, ia mendengar lagi dan diperkuat oleh respon yang diberikan orang disekitarnya. Teori pemerolehan bahasa didasarkan pada pandangan bahwa bahasa adalah perilaku yang dihasilkan dari kebiasaan dan kebiasaan yang dibentuk oleh praktek dan pengulangan. The cognitive-code learning theory states that language is rule-governed behaviour and that in language acquisition, the infant learns the set of rules that will produce the sentences of the language. How does he issue forth at the set of rules?TG grammarians say human beings are born with a language acquisition device (LAD), which enables the child to form a series of hypotheses near the language which he hears , as he grows up. At each stage in his language development he tests his hypothesis (the set of rules he has speculate so far) against what he hears ( the language data) and revises it ac cordingly , until he reaches adult competence. But what does the LAD consist of? The theory is that it consists of those linguistic universals to be found the deep, deep social system of all languages.There is no agreement or certainty yet about what these universals are apart from thefact that they must be certain abstract syntactic and semantic categories and relationships, though there may be a neurophysiological basis in the brain. Examples of such relationships which have been postulated are those between noun and verb as in case grammar that between subject and predicate and catagories like NP , VP , Adv.These universals are said to be present in the structure of all languages but each language realises them in different way in surface structure and language learning consists in learning how it is done in that particular language .The linguists are making cross-cultural studies of language acquisition in order to get evidence of linguistic universals, but the data collected s o far are still sketchy though certain features in language appear in about the same sequence and at about the same age all over the world. Teori Kode kognitif belajar menyatakan bahwa bahasa adalah aturan aturan perilaku dan bahwa dalam akuisisi bahasa, bayi mempelajari seperangkat aturan yang akan menghasilkan kalimat bahasa. Bagaimana ia bisa sampai pada seperangkat aturan?Tatabahasawan TG mengatakan manusia dilahirkan dengan perangkat penguasaan bahasa (LAD), yang memungkinkan anak untuk membentuk serangkaian hipotesis tentang bahasa yang ia dengar, saat ia tumbuh. Pada setiap tahap dalam perkembangan bahasa, ia menguji hipotesis tersebut (seperangkat aturan yang telah dirumuskan sejauh ini) terhadap apa yang ia dengar (data bahasa) dan merevisi (menerjemahkan artinya), sampai ia mencapai kompetensi dewasa. Tapi apa saja penyusun LAD itu ?Tidak ada kesepakatan atau kepastian tentang apa saja penyusun LAD tersebut dan tak ada yang terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa orang orang univers al linguistik harus memastikan kategori sintaksis dan semantik abstrak, meskipun mungkin ada dasar neurofisiologi di otak. Contoh hubungan tersebut yang telah disebutkan adalah antara nomina dan verba seperti dalam tata bahasa, bahwa antara subjek dan predikat, dan kategori seperti NP, VP, Adv. Itu dikatakan terdapat dalam struktur dari semua bahasa, tetapi setiap bahasa menempatkan mereka dengan cara yang berbeda dalam struktur permukaan dan pembelajaran tertentu.Para ahli bahasa membuat studi lintas-budaya , untuk mendapatkan bukti yang umum tentang linguistik, tetapi data yang dikumpulkan sejauh ini masih samar meskipun fitur tertentu dalam bahasa muncul di sekitar urutan yang sama dan pada sekitar usia yang sama di seluruh dunia . The teacher of second language needs to take of these two theories of language acquisition since they have given rise to schools of thought on language teaching. If language acquisition is a matter of habit formation, then the language teacher must con centrate on performance.Let the pupils imitate a model and give them good deal of ideal drill to establish habits of behaviour. Reinforce them gor correct responses and elimitate impairment responses by a lack of reinforcement. Let them learn inductively, inferring the rules for themselves after much practice alternatively than receiving the rules for explanations at the begining. If, on the other hand, language acquisition is a matter of learning a code, then the language teacher must ensure that the pupils interiorize the rules yhat will enable them to produce sentences.Explanations of the sentences structures and explicit knowledge of the rules must then play a larger rule in language teaching. Para guru bahasa kedua perlu mengambil dari kedua teori pemerolehan bahasa karena mereka telah melahirkan aliran pemikiran pengajaran bahasa. Jika akuisisi bahasa adalah masalah pembentukan kebiasaan, maka guru bahasa harus berkonsentrasi pada kinerja. Biarkan siswa meniru model dan me mberi mereka banyak bor pola untuk membangun kebiasaan perilaku. Memperkuat mereka tanggapan gor benar dan elimitate tanggapan yang salah oleh kurangnya penguatan.Biarkan mereka belajar induktif, menyimpulkan aturan untuk diri mereka sendiri setelah banyak latihan daripada menerima aturan untuk penjelasan di awal. Jika, di sisi lain, penguasaan bahasa adalah masalah belajar kode, maka guru bahasa harus memastikan bahwa siswa menginternalisasi yhat aturan akan memungkinkan mereka untuk menghasilkan kalimat. Penjelasan dari struktur kalimat dan pengetahuan eksplisit aturan kemudian harus memainkan aturan yang lebih besar dalam pengajaranbahasa. How is the language teacher to decide between the two theories of language learning? What grammatical theory is most useful to language teachers?To answer these questions, i would barely like to refer the reader to the paper by J. B Carroll that i cited in chapter 1. In that paper he says. it would be pretentious to audition to express an opi nion on which of the various grammatical theories is most vailed. Different grammatical theories have somewhat different goals in general. I believe that language teacher should evaluate grammatical theories in terms of the degree to which they comform to the linguistic habits that actually enable a language user to speak and understand the language. Bagaimana guru bahasa untuk memutuskan antara dua teori pembelajaran bahasa?Apa teori tata bahasa yang paling berguna untuk guru bahasa? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini, saya hanya ingin merujuk pembaca untuk kertas oleh JB Carroll yang saya dikutip dalam bab 1. Dalam kertas yang katanya. Itu akan sok mencoba untuk mengekspresikan pendapat yang dari teori gramatikal berbagai paling vailed. Teori tata bahasa yang berbeda memiliki tujuan yang agak berbeda secara umum. Saya percaya bahwa guru bahasa harus mengevaluasi teori tata bahasa dalam hal sejauh mana mereka comform ke kebiasaan linguistik yang benar-benar memungkinkan pengguna bahasa untuk berbicara dan mengerti bahasa .As for theories of language learning. Carroll suggest a synthesis of the two. I am inclined to agree with him that neither a pure audiolingual habit theory nor a pure cognitive-code learning theory can be comprehensive and correct. Each of the theories contains elements of truth, and each therefore to some degree wrong or incomplete. We need to extract what is valuable for each theory and put them together. Carroll calls the synthesis cognitive habit-formation theory. Adapun teori belajar bahasa. Carroll menyarankan sintesis dari dua.Saya cenderung setuju dengan dia bahwa baik murni kebiasaan teori audiolingual atau murni kognitif-kode teori belajar bisa tidak lengkap dan benar. Setiap teori mengandung unsur kebenaran, dan masing-masing karena itu untuk beberapa derajat yang salah atau tidak lengkap. Kita perlu untuk mengambil apa yang berharga bagi teori masing-masing dan menempatkan mereka bersama-sama. Carroll menyebut sintesis kognitif kebia saan-formasi teori. The audiolingual habit theory is correct in that language behaviour is partly a matter habits.The audiolingual method with its emphasis on pattern practice and formations of habits fell out of favour because the theory made the wrong assumtions about that kinds of habits to form and how to form them. Instead of forming habits that have to do. For instance, with substituting words in sentences or with changing one kind of sentences into another. teacher sould form operational habits.The diffferent between the two is that the former takes no account of language ude in actual websites (where is the occasion for substitution for tables in real life outside the classroom?) while the latter does. For example, in teaching commands and requests, it is not enough to present the learners with statements to be changed into commands or requests.The stimulus is the sentence in the case. In forming fumctional habits the stimulus is the situations, the intentions and the list ener. In situation A, if you need help you just shout help in situation B, you may say, please help me or could you helm me? in situation C, you may say, would you mind helping me? and so on. Teori Kebiasaan audiolingual benar dalam perilaku bahasa adalah kebiasaan sebagian materi.Metode audiolingual dengan penekanan pada praktek pola dan formasi dari kebiasaan jatuh dari nikmat karena teori membuat assumtions salah tentang hal itu jenis kebiasaan untuk membentuk dan bagaimana membentuk mereka. Alih-alih membentuk kebiasaan yang harus dilakukan. Misalnya, dengan mengganti kata-kata dalam kalimat atau dengan mengubah satu jenis kalimat menjadi lain. Guru arwah membentuk kebiasaan fungsional.The diffferent antara keduanya adalah bahwa mantan tidak memperhitungkan bahasa ude dalam situasi yang sebenarnya (di mana merupakan kesempatan untuk substitusi untuk tabel dalam kehidupan nyata di luar kelas?)Sedangkan yang kedua tidak. Sebagai contoh, dalam mengajar perintah dan permintaan, itu tidak cukup untuk menyajikan peserta didik dengan pernyataan yang akan diubah menjadi perintah atau permintaan. Stimulus adalah kalimat dalam kasus ini. Dalam membentuk kebiasaan fumctional stimulus adalah situasi, maksud dan pendengar. Dalam situasi A, jika Anda memerlukan bantuan Anda hanya berteriak membantu , Dalam situasi B, Anda mungkin berkata, tolong bantu saya atau bisa Anda helm saya? , Dalam situasi C, Anda mungkin berkata, bisakah kau membantu saya dan sebagainya?.Carroll also points out that the audingual habit theory wrongly sham that practice and repetion were crucial factors in the formation of habits. Although practice and repetition have certain roles to play, they are not crucial in learning. Succesive repetition of the same response is, in fact, generally the wrong way to stamp in a habit there are few kinds of learning where this is effective. Evocation of the response on a number of aperiodic, widely-spaced occasions, with interpolation of different mater ial in the intervals, is a much more effective method has been insufficiently employed in pattern drills.Carroll juga menunjukkan bahwa teori kebiasaan audingual salah diasumsikan bahwa praktek dan pengulangan adalah faktor penting dalam pembentukan kebiasaan. Meskipun praktek dan pengulangan memiliki peran tertentu untuk bermain, mereka tidak penting dalam belajar. Pengulangan berturut dari respon yang sama, pada kenyataannya, umumnya cara yang salah untuk cap di kebiasaan, ada beberapa jenis belajar di mana ini efektif. Kebangkitan dari respon pada sejumlah aperiodik, luas-spasi kesempatan, dengan interpolasi dari bahan yang berbeda dalam interval, adalah metode yang jauh lebih efektif telah kurang digunakan dalam latihan pola.The element of truth in the cognitive-codelearning theory is that a knowledge of the facts and formal rules of the language can really be of help in guiding the learner to form the right language habits. However, knowledge of the rule alone is of on avail un less the learner is given opportunities to form the habits in the way suggested above. Forthermore, the facts of the language should be presented in a form easy to understand, and appropriate to the learners age and ability. Abstract rule should be illustrated with a number of concrete examples.Unsur kebenaran dalam teori kognitif-codelearning adalah bahwa pengetahuan tentang fakta-fakta dan aturan formal bahasa benar-benar dapat membantu dalam membimbing peserta didik untuk membentuk kebiasaan bahasa yang tepat. Namun, pengetahuan tentang aturan saja dari pada berhasil kecuali pelajar diberikan kesempatan untuk membentuk kebiasaan dalam cara yang disarankan di atas. Forthermore, fakta bahasa harus disajikan dalam bentuk yang mudah dimengerti, dan sesuai dengan usia peserta didik dan kemampuan. Aturan abstrak harus diilustrasikan dengan sejumlah contoh konkret.C. FIRST AND SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA PERTAMA DAN KEDUA A question often discussed with regard to second language learning is whether it is the same as first language acquisition. The answer depends on the stage at which the second language is erudite. If it is learned at an early age originally the first language is thoroughly mastered, or almost simultaneously with the first language then second language learning parallels first language learning. If it is learned at a later stage in the formal school setting, there are several manifest differences.First of all, the child is exposed to the first language all his waking hours while he probably hears the second language only during the class hour. Secondly, there is a big difference in motivation. A child learning his first language is strongly motivated because his needs and wishes are satisfied by the use of language and his control of his environs and himself increases with his increasing mastery of his mother tongue. Not only this, but emotional and social ties are created by his use of the first language. The second language seldom fulfils such function when it is learned as a subject in the curriculum.Thirdly, as the child learns the first language he is also learning the concepts, while in learning the second language he seldom has to form new concepts keep out where these are foreign to his own culture. Finally, the habits established in first language learning tend to inhabit and interfere with his learning of the second language. It is also claimed that there is a critical period for language acquisition which extends up to puberty. But according to Carroll the evidence for a critical period and decline in language acquisition ability during the middle school years is not strong, however, and even if there is some decline.I am not persuaded that one must appeal to biology to explain it. (p. 109) Krashen has since confirmed Carrolls view. Suatu pertanyaan yang sering dibahas terkait dengan pembelajaran bahasa kedua adalah apakah pembelajarannya sama dengan akuisisi bahasa pertama. Jawabannya terga ntung pada tahap di mana bahasa kedua dipelajari. Jika dipelajari pada usia dini sebelum bahasa pertama benar-benar terkuasai, atau hampir bersamaan dengan bahasa pertama, maka pembelajaran bahasa kedua sejajar dengan pembelajar bahasa pertama. Jika dipelajari pada tahap berikutnya dalam bentuk sekolah formal, ada beberapa perbedaan yang diamati.Pertama-tama, anak terkena bahasa pertama segenus Lama dia terjaga sementara dia mungkin mendengar bahasa kedua hanya selama repair sekolah. Kedua, ada perbedaan besar dalam motivasi. Seorang anak belajar bahasa pertamanya sangat termotivasi karena kebutuhan dan keinginannya terpuaskan dengan manfaat bahasa dan kendali lingkungannya dan dirinya sendiri meningkat dengan meningkatnya penguasaan bahasa ibunya. Tidak hanya itu, tapi hubungan emosional dan sosial terciptaka oleh penggunaanya terhadap bahasa pertama. Bahasa kedua jarang memenuhi fungsi tersebut bila dipelajari sebagai subjek dalam kurikulum.Ketiga, ketika anak belajar bahasa pert ama dia juga belajar konsep, sedangkan dalam mempelajari bahasa kedua jarang ia harus membentuk konsep-konsep baru kecuali konsep-konsep itu asing bagi budayanya sendiri. Akhirnya, kebiasaan-kebiasaan pada pembelajaran bahasa pertama cenderung menghuni dan mengganggu pembelajaran bahasa kedua. Hal ini juga menyatakan bahwa ada periode kritis bagi penguasaan bahasa yang meluas sampai masa puber. Tetapi menurut Carroll bukti untuk periode kritis dan penurunan kemampuan akuisisi bahasa selama pertengahan masa sekolah tidak kuat, bagaimanapun, dan bahkan jika ada beberapa penurunan.Saya tidak yakin bahwa seseorang harus menarik biologi untuk menjelaskannya (hal. 109). Krashen sejak mengkonfirmasi pandangan Carroll. There is one respect in which learning a first language is similar to learning a second language it is in the process itself. Just as the young child makes generalisations and says foots or goed, so the Malay learner of English as a second language may over-generalise and say foot of the sky when he means the horizon. In second language learning there is also imitation and modelling, just as there is in first language learning.Ada suatu kecocokan dimana pembelajaran bahasa pertama mirip dengan belajar bahasa kedua yaitu dalam proses itu sendiri. Sama seperti anak muda yang membuat generalisasi dan mengatakan foots atau goed, begitu pula pelajar Melayu yang belajar Bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa kedua mungkin over-generalisasi dan mengatakan foots of the sky ketika ia bermaksud mengatakan the horizon. Dalam pembelajaran bahasa kedua ada juga imitasi dan modeling, seperti yang ada dalam pembelajaran bahasa pertama. D. MOTIVATION IN L2 LEARNING MOTIVASI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN L2It was mentioned above that there was a difference in motivation between first and second language learning. It is the lack of motivation that produces little or no difference in student performance in response to improved teaching methods or materials. This problem of motivation in seco nd language learning has been studied and two kinds of motivation have been distinguished. One is called instrumental motivation this is when the student learns the second language for instrumental purposes. For example, it may be a compulsory school subject or it may be required for post graduate work, for his career or for travel abroad.There is no desire on his part to go beyond the language as a tool to fulfil rather limited purposes. The other kind of motivation is called integrative. In this case, the student learns the second language with the desire to identify himself with the native speakers and to enrich his life by contact with another culture. It was found that students with integrative motivation have greater success at learning the second language than those with merely instrumental motivation. Telah disebutkan di atas bahwa ada suatu perbedaan dalam motivasi antara belajar bahasa pertama dan kedua.Ini adalah kekurangan dari motivasi bahwa motivasi menghasilkan sediki t atau tidak adanya perbedaan terhadap prestasi siswa dalam menanggapi metode pengajaran atau materi. Masalah motivasi dalam belajar bahasa kedua ini telah dipelajari dan dua jenis motivasi telah dibedakan. Satu disebut motivasi instrumental yaitu ketika siswa belajar bahasa kedua untuk tujuan instrumental. Sebagai contoh, mungkin suatu subjek sekolah yang wajib atau mungkin diperlukan untuk tugas pasca sarjana, untuk karirnya atau untuk perjalanan ke luar negeri. Tidak adan keinginan pada bagiannya yang melampaui bahasa sebagai alat untuk memenuhi tujuan yang terbatas.Jenis lain dari motivasi disebut integratif. Dalam hal ini, siswa belajar bahasa kedua dengan keinginan untuk mengidentifikasi dirinya dengan penutur asli dan memperkaya hidupnya dengan kontak dengan budaya lain. Ditemukan bahwa siswa dengan motivasi integratif memiliki keberhasilan yang lebih besar dalam mempelajari bahasa kedua dibandingkan dengan motivasi instrumental. E. LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE GANGGUAN BAHASA Anoth er aspect of psycholinguistics that is directly relevant to second language teacher has been touched upon in discussing contrastive analysis. That is, the study of interference from L1 in learning L2.The theory is that in learning L1 certain habits of perceiving and performing have to be established and the old habits tend to interlude and interfere with the learning, so that the student may speak L2 with the intonation of his L1 or the word order of his L1, and so on. We noted in the last chapter that though such interference does occur, not all errors in L2 learning can be accounted for by interference from L1. L2 learning like L1 acquisition appears to proceed by stages when new bits of the language are imperfectly learned, giving rise to what has been called interlanguage.Aspek lain dari psikolinguistik yang secara langsung relevan dengan guru bahasa kedua telah disinggung dalam pembahasan analisis kontrastif. yaitu, the study of interference from L1 in learning L2. Teorinya ada lah bahwa dalam belajar L1 kebiasaan dalam mengamati dan performing harus dibentuk dan kebiasaan lama cenderung selingan dan mengganggu pembelajaran, sehingga siswa berbicara L2 dengan intonasi L1-nya atau urutan kata L1-nya , dan seterusnya. Kami mencatat dalam bab terakhir bahwa meskipun gangguan tersebut tidak terjadi, tidak semua kesalahan dalam pembelajaran L2 dapat dipertanggungjawabkan oleh gangguan dari L1.pembelajaran L2 seperti akuisisi L1 muncul untuk melanjutkan secara bertahap ketika bit baru dari bahasa tidak dipelajari secara sempurna, sehingga menimbulkan apa yang disebut interlanguage. CHAPTER III CONGCLUTION From chapter 2 in this report , we make some point 1. Psycholinguistics is a field study that combines psychology and linguistics. The term itself was coined in 1951. Though the study had been going on eveb in the nineteenth century in the form of the study of language development.It includes a great variety of topics that are of interest to language teachers. 2. theory of language acquisition is based on the view that language is behaviour that results from habits and habits are formed by practice and repetion. 3. If the second is learned at an early age before the first language is thoroughly mastered, or almost simultaneously with the first language then second language learning parallels first language learning. If it is learned at a later stage in the formal school setting, there are several observable differences. different motivation. Emotional and social ties are created by his use of the first language. Meanwhile, The second language seldom fulfils such function when it is learned as a subject in the curriculum. When we Learn first language, we also learn the concepts, while in learning the second language we seldom has to form new concepts except where these are foreign to his own culture. 4. The old habits tend to interlude and interfere with the learning, so that the student may speak L2 with the intonation of his L1 or the word order of his L1, and so on.

Capital Budgeting Methods for Corporate Project Selection

Capital Budgeting Methods for incorporate Project Selection In a 2001 Graham and Harvey survey of 392 chief financial officers (CFOs) asked how frequently they use different capital budgeting methods? Approximately 75% of the CFOs replied that they use net present value (NPV) or familiar Rate of Return (IRR) always or almost always (Smart, Megginson & Gitman, 2004, pg. 251). Projects atomic number 18 viewed as capital investments in the corporate world, and as such, are evaluated closely for their possible financial impacts on the bottom line collectible to their higher riskiness of failure.Capital investments are those that are considered long-term investments such as manufacturing plants, R&D, equipment, marketing campaign, and so forth , and capital budgeting is the process of identifying which of these investment go fors a firm should undertake (Smart, Megginson & Gitman, 2004, pg. 227). According to Smart, Megginson & Gitman, there are deuce-ace steps in the capital budg eting process * Identifying potential investments Analyzing the set of investment opportunities, identifying those that give create stockholder value, and perhaps prioritizing them * Implementing and Monitoring the investment estimates selected This paper will focus on step two, and will reason the strengths and weaknesses of the quadruple most common methods that are utilized for evaluating, selecting and prioritizing projects in the corporate world. Net Present respect (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Straight/Discounted Payback Period and Profitability Index are the quaternary of the most come methods used during step 2 of the capital budgeting process.Four fictional potential capital investments will be used to illustrate how the different methods can affect project selection for a portfolio. study PARK CAPITAL INVESTMENTS A theme park senior executive management team had four capital projects presented during the last capital budget meeting. The projects are a $250M park expansion, $50M value resort renovation, $500M recent moderate resort construction and $200M new value resort construction. All these projects have similar apogee epoch frames and have 20 year life expectancies.Years 1 to 5 cash flows for each project come from the pro formas, and Years 6 -20 are based on an expected 2% per enlarge in cash flows. The company has $750M to invest on capital projects this year, and they must decide which projects should be approved. kale PRESENT VALUE Net Present Value is the sum of discounted future cash flows and provides the appropriate adjustments for the time value of money. In short, NPV is the reverse of compounding interest, and this process begins with the selection of a discount rate. According to Smart, Megginson & Gitman, pg. 01, A projects discount risk must be high enough to compensate investors for the projects risk The discount rate can be based on the inherent risk of a project, the required rate of return on shares, cost o f equity, etc. The discount rate should not be one rate for all projects with in a firm, but reflect the nature of the project. The mandate for NPV is In this calculation, CFt represents the net cash flow of the year and r is the selected discount rate. CF0 usually represents the initial cost to get the project started, and is usually a negative cash flow.As a rule, projects with a negative NPV are not approved, but a hurdle could be set such as projects with a NPV

Miss Essay

A round-eyed break in the chain of infection by always using the Standard Infection require Precautions (SICPs) after part save the NHS thousands of pounds every year not to mention saving patients lives. Cleanliness Champions have been put in place to make sure Standard Infection check Precautions ar implemented within wellness cargon settings. MRSA (Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) is one example of the staphylococcus family common bacteria (BBC wellnessMRSA).There are m any strains of MRSA and many people carry it in their throat, nose and skin folds. MRSA is an infectious agent and can live on the body for example in eczema, varicose and decubitus ulcers, this acts like a reservoir providing paragon conditions for the MRSA to lie in skin folds and in wounds. For the bacteria to exit the portal it can simple be spread from skin to skin contact. To break the chain of infection the patient should wash their falls. However, not practising trusty hygiene gives the b acteria a means of transmission.The bacteria will wait for a portal of main course this could be another patient touching contaminated skin. There have been a number of campaigns to kill the transmission of MRSA, and one of them is from the World health Organisation Save lives clean your hands. This campaign is for Health Care workers to assess within their own departments how often hand hygiene is being carried out by their colleagues (WHO 2012). submit hygiene is considered one of the most effective measures in reducing and preventing the incidence of avoidable illness, in particular HAI.All staff within health care settings should be aware of this and perform hand hygiene effectively and in a timely fashion (Health surety Scotland (HPS) May 2009). There are three main types of hand hygiene. Social Hand Hygiene which involves using soap and water. Hygienic Hand Hygiene is using antiseptic hand cleansers from a soap dispenser and then there is Surgical brush which involves sc rubbing the hands and forearms with antiseptic cleansers. Each hand decontamination process uses a seven step technique.The 5 moments for hand hygiene guidelines explain when hand hygiene should be used (WHO 2009). PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) can also be used to protect against HAIs. PPE consists of gloves, aprons, face masks and goggles. When dealing with potential infections a risk assessment should be done before dealing with the threat of the infection being transmitted. The risk assessment should include whether or not you may need to wear gloves or aprons. Eye protection should be used for field of operations staff due to a huge potential of blood splashes.Sharps include needles, scalpels, stitch cutters, glass ampoules and any sharp instrument. The main hazards of a sharps injury are hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV. (Royal College of Nursing 2005). All sharps must be handled and used with a great deal of care and disposed of according to the Standard Infection Cont rol Precautions (SICPs). If there has been an incident of a needle stick injury it must be reported and authenticated as required. All in all the Cleanliness Champions programme will help Health Care workers see to it the importance of Infection control and hopefully it will create new generation of Nurses who will be vigilant to how important hand hygiene is. References BBC Health MRSA (2012), What is MRSA, On-line, getable http//www. bbc. co. uk/health/physical_health/conditions/mrsa. shtml 17 March 2012 Health Protection Scotland (HPS) (May 2009), National Hand Hygiene NHS Campaign Compliance with Hand Hygiene Audit Report Health Protection Scotland (Report) Available http//www. hps. scot. nhs. uk/haiic/ic/ nationalhandhygienecampaign. aspx 17 March 2012Royal College of Nursing, (2005). Good Practice in Infection saloon and Control, Guidance for Nursing Staff, Vol. 1, pp. 7-8 WHO (2009) WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health care a summary, Online Available http//whqlibdo c. who. int/hq/2009/WHO_IER_PSP_2009. 07_eng. pdf WHO (2012), Your action Plan for Hand Hygiene Improvement Template, Action Plan for WHO Framework, Inadequate/ grassroots Results, On-line, Available http//www. who. int/gpsc/5may/EN_PSP_GPSC1_5May_2012/en/index. html 17 March 2012a

The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon Chapter 5 CHEATER

BELLA, WHY DONT YOU TAKE OFF, MIKE SUGGESTED, his eyes focused off to the side, not unfeignedly sounding at me. I wondered how large that had been way out on with divulge me noticing.It was a slow afternoon at Newtons. At the moment on that point were completely two patrons in the store, dedicated c everywheretpackers from the sound of their conversation. microphone had spent the proceed hour going finished the pros and cons of two brands of lightweight packs with them. But theyd taken a break from weighty set to indulge in embarrassing to one-up each other with their latest tales from the trail. Their distraction had given microphone a chance to escape.I dont mind staying, I said. I simmer down hadnt been qualified to sink back into my protective shell of numbness, and everything passmed oddly close and loud today, ilk Id taken cotton emerge of my ears. I assay to tune come on the laughing hikers without success.Im ranking you, said the thickset man with the o range beard that didnt match his dark brown hair. Ive take onn grizzlies pretty close up in Yellowstone, tho they had nothing on this brute. His hair was matted, and his c pottyhes looked want theyd been on his back for more than than a few days. Fresh from the mountains.not a chance. Black bears dont lay that great. The grizzlies you saw were probably cubs. The second man was tall and lean, his look bronzed and wind-whipped into an impressive leathery crust.Seriously, Bella, as short as these two give up, Im closing the place down, Mike murmured.If you postulate me to go I shrugged.On all fours it was taller than you, the barbate man insisted plot I collect my things to filmher. Big as a endure and pitch-black. Im going to report it to the ranger here. People ought to be warnedthis wasnt up on the mountain, mind youthis was solo a few miles from the trailhead.Leather-face laughed and rolled his eyes. Let me guessyou were on your way in? Hadnt eaten real food or slept off the ground in a week, right?Hey, uh, Mike, right? the bearded man called, looking toward us. notice you Monday, I mumbled.Yes, sir, Mike replied, turning away.Say, take a crap there been any warnings more or less here recently intimately black bears? no sir. But its always near to keep your distance and store your food correctly. prevail you seen the new bear-safe idleristers? They only weigh two poundsThe doors slid gift to let me out into the rain. I hunched over inside my jacket as I dashed for my truck. The rain hammering over against my hood sounded unusually loud, in addition, besides soon the roar of the locomotive engine drowned out everything else.I didnt lack to go back to Charlies empty house. give way night had been particularly brutal, and I had no desire to revisit the scene of the suffering. Even after the annoying had subsided enough for me to sleep, it wasnt over. Like Id told Jessica after the movie, there was never any doubt that I would have ni ghtmares.I always had nightmares now, every night. Not nightmares really, not in the plural, because it was always the same nightmare. Youd regard Id get worldly after so many months, grow immune to it. But the dream never failed to horrify me, and only ended when I woke myself with screaming. Charlie didnt come in to see what was wrong anymore, to win sure there was no intruder strangling me or adept aboutthing like thathe was used to it now.My nightmare probably wouldnt even frighten soul else. Nothing jumped out and screamed, Boo There were no zombies, no ghosts, no psychopaths. There was nothing, really. Only nothing. sightly the endless maze of moss-covered trees, so quiet that the silence was an uncomfortable pressure against my eardrums. It was dark, like dusk on a cloudy day, with only enough light to see that there was nothing to see. I zip by means of the gloom without a path, always searching, searching, searching, getting more frantic as the time stretched on, t rying to move faster, though the speed make me clumsy Then there would come the point in my dreamand I could tonicity it coming now, except could never seem to wake myself up before it photographwhen I couldnt remember what it was that I was searching for. When I realized that there was nothing to search for, and nothing to divulge. That there never had been anything more than honest this empty, dreary wood, and there never would be anything more for me nothing but nothingThat was usually about when the screaming started.I wasnt paying attention to where I was drivingjust wandering through empty, stung side routes as I avoided the ways that would take me homebecause I didnt have anyplace to go.I wished I could feel numb again, but I couldnt remember how Id managed it before. The nightmare was nagging at my mind and reservation me think about things that would cause me imposition. I didnt want to remember the forest. Even as I shuddered away from the images, I felt my eyes fi ll with tears and theaching begin round the edges of the hole in my chest. I took one hand from the steering wheel and wrapped it around my automobile trunk to hold it in one piece.It allow be as if Id never existed. The words ran through my head, scatty the perfect clarity of my hallucination last night. They were just words, soundless, like print on a page. moreover words, but they ripped the hole wide open, and I stomped on the brake, write outing I should not drive while this incapacitated.I curled over, pressing my face against the steering wheel and trying to breathe without lungs.I wondered how long this could last. peradventure roughday, years from nowif the pain would just decrease to the point where I could bear itI would be able to look back on those few short months that would always be the best of my life. And, if it were possible that the pain would ever soften enough to allow me to do that, I was sure that I would feel glad for as much time as hed given me. M ore than Id asked for, more than Id deserved. Maybe several(prenominal)day Id be able to see it that way.But what if this hole never got any better? If the raw edges never recovered? If the damage was permanent and irreversible?I held myself tightly together. As if hed never existed, I thought in despair. What a stupid and impossible shout out to make He could steal my pictures and reclaim his gifts, but that didnt set up things back the way theyd been before Id met him. The physical evidence was the virtually insignificant part of the equation. I was changed, my insides alter almost past the point of recognition. Even my outsides looked differentmy face sallow, white except for the purple circles the nightmares had left nether my eyes. My eyes were dark enough against my pallid skin thatif I were beautiful, and seen from a distanceI exponent even drop breathless for a vampire now. But I was not beautiful, and I probably looked closer to a zombie.As if hed never existed? Th at was insanity. It was a promise that he could never keep, a promise that was broken as soon as hed made it.I thumped my head against the steering wheel, trying to distract myself from the sharper pain.It made me feel silly for ever worrying about keeping my promise. Where was the logic in sticking to an agreement that had already been violated by the other party? Who cared if I was judicious and stupid? There was no intellectual to avoid recklessness, no reason why I shouldnt get to be stupid.I laughed humorlessly to myself, serene gasping for air. Reckless in Forksnow there was a hopeless proposition.The dark humor distracted me, and the distraction alleviated the pain. My breath came easier, and I was able to lean back against the seat. Though it was cold today, my forehead was damp with sweat.I concentrated on my hopeless proposition to keep from sliding back into the excruciating memories. To be reckless in Forks would take a lot of creativitymaybe more than I had. But I wi shed I could find some way I might feel better if I werent holding fast, all alone, to a broken pact. If I were an oath-breaker, too. But how could I cheat on my side of the deal, here in this guileless little town? Of course, Forks hadnt always been so harmless, but now it was exactly what it had always appeared to be. It was dull, it was safe.I stared out the windshield for a long moment, my thoughts moving sluggishlyI couldnt seem to make those thoughts go anywhere. I cut the engine, which was groaning in a pitiful way after idling for so long, and stepped out into the drizzle.The cold rain dripped through my hair and then trickled across my cheeks like freshwater tears. It helped to clear my head. I blinked the water from my eyes, staring blankly across the road.After a minute of staring, I recognized where I was. Id parked in the warmness of the north lane of Russell Avenue. I was standing in front of the Cheneys housemy truck was blocking their drivewayand across the road li ved the Markses. I knew I strikeed to move my truck, and that I ought to go home. It was wrong to wander the way I had, distracted and impaired, a menace on the roads of Forks. Besides, someone would notice me soon enough, and report me to Charlie.As I took a deep breath in preparation to move, a sign in the Markses gm caught my eyeit was just a big piece of cardboard leaning against their mailbox post, with black letters scrawled in caps across it.Sometimes, kismet happens.Coincidence? Or was it meant to be? I didnt know, but it seemed kind of silly to think that it was somehow fated, that the dilapidated motorcycles rusting in the Markses front yard beside the hand-printed FOR SALE, AS IS sign were serving some higher purpose by existing there, right where I needed them to be.So maybe it wasnt kismet. Maybe there were just all kinds of ways to be reckless, and I only now had my eyes open to them.Reckless and stupid. Those were Charlies two very favorite words to apply to motorcy cles.Charlies job didnt get a lot of action compared to cops in bigger towns, but he did get called in on traffic accidents. With the long, wet stretches of freeway twisting and turning through the forest, blind corner after blind corner, there was no shortage of that kind of action. But even with all the huge log-haulers barreling around the turns, mostly people walked away. The exceptions to that retrieve were often on motorcycles, and Charlie had seen one too many victims, almost always kids, smeared on the highway. Hed made me promise before I was ten that I would never accept a ride on a motorcycle. Even at that age, I didnt have to think twice before promising. Who would want to ride a motorcycle here? It would be like taking a sixty-mile-per-hour bath.So many promises I unplowedIt clicked together for me then. I wanted to be stupid and reckless, and I wanted to break promises. wherefore plosive consonant at one?Thats as far as I thought it through. I sloshed through the ra in to the Markses front door and rang the bell.One of the Marks boys opened the door, the younger one, the freshman. I couldnt remember his name. His light-haired hair only came up to my shoulder.He had no trouble remembering my name. Bella Swan? he asked in surprise.How much do you want for the bike? I panted, jerking my thumb over my shoulder toward the sales display.Are you serious? he demanded.Of course I am.They dont work.I sighed impatientlythis was something Id already inferred from the sign. How much?If you really want one, just take it. My mom made my dad move them down to the road so theyd get picked up with the garbage.I glanced at the bikes again and saw that they were resting on a pile of yard clippings and dead branches. Are you positive about that?Sure, you want to ask her?It was probably better not to involve adults who might mention this to Charlie.No, I believe you.You want me to help you? he offered. Theyre not light.Okay, thanks. I only need one, though.Might as well take both, the boy said. Maybe you could scavenge some move.He followed me out into the downpour and helped me load both of the heavy bikes into the back of my truck. He seemed eager to be rid of them, so I didnt argue.What are you going to do with them, anyway? he asked. They havent worked in years.I kind of guessed that, I said, shrugging. My spur-of-the-moment whim hadnt come with a plan intact. Maybe Ill take them to Dowlings.He snorted. Dowling would charge more to fix them than theyd be worth running.I couldnt argue with that. John Dowling had earned a reputation for his pricing no one went to him except in an emergency. Most people preferred to make the drive up to Port Angeles, if their car was able. Id been very lucky on that frontId been worried, when Charlie first gifted me my ancient truck, that I wouldnt be able to afford to keep it running. But Id never had a single problem with it, other than the screaming-loud engine and the fifty-five-mile-per-hour maximum speed limit. Jacob Black had kept it in great shape when it had belonged to his father, wandInspiration hit like a bolt of lightningnot unreasonable, call backing the storm. You know what? Thats okay. I know someone who anatomys cars.Oh. Thats good. He smiled in relief.He waved as I pulled away, still smiling. Friendly kid.I drove quickly and purposefully now, in a hurry to get home before there was the slightest chance of Charlie appearing, even in the highly improbable event that he might knock off early. I dashed through the house to the phone, keys still in hand.Chief Swan, please, I said when the deputy answered. Its Bella.Oh, hey, Bella, Deputy Steve said affably. Ill go get him.I waited.Whats wrong, Bella? Charlie demanded as soon as he picked up the phone.Cant I call you at work without there being an emergency?He was quiet for a minute. You never have before. Is there an emergency?No. I just wanted directions to the Blacks placeIm not sure I can remember the way. I want to visit Jacob. I havent seen him in months.When Charlie spoke again, his voice was much happier. Thats a great idea, Bells. Do you have a pen?The directions he gave me were very simple. I assured him that I would be back for dinner, though he tried to tell me not to hurry. He wanted to join me in La Push, and I wasnt having that.So it was with a deadline that I drove too quickly through the storm-darkened streets out of town. I hoped I could get Jacob alone. Billy would probably tell on me if he knew what I was up to.While I drove, I worried a little bit about Billys reaction to seeing me. He would be too pleased. In Billys mind, no doubt, this had all worked out better than he had dared to hope. His pleasure and relief would only remind me of the one I couldnt bear to be reminded of. Not again today, I pleaded silently. I was spent.The Blacks house was vaguely familiar, a small wooden place with narrow windows, the dull red paint making it resemble a tiny barn. Jacobs head peered out of the window before I could even get out of the truck. No doubt the familiar roar of the engine had tipped him off to my approach. Jacob had been very appreciative when Charlie bought Billys truck for me, saving Jacob from having to drive it when he came of age. I liked my truck very much, but Jacob seemed to consider the speed restrictions a shortcoming.He met me halfway to the house.Bella His excited grin stretched wide across his face, the bright teething standing in vivid contrast to the deep russet color of his skin. Id never seen his hair out of its usual ponytail before. It fell like black satin curtains on either side of his broad face.Jacob had grown into some of his potential in the last eight months. Hed passed that point where the soft muscles of childhood hardened into the solid, lanky build of a teenager the tendons and veins had become prominent under the red-brown skin of his arms, his hands. His face was still sweet like I remembered it, though it had harden ed, toothe planes of his cheekbones sharper, his jaw squared off, all childish roundness gone.Hey, Jacob I felt an strange surge of enthusiasm at his smile. I realized that I was pleased to see him. This knowledge strike me.I smiled back, and something clicked silently into place, like two corresponding puzzle pieces. Id forgotten how much I really liked Jacob Black.He halt a few feet away from me, and I stared up at him in surprise, leaning my head back though the rain pelted my face.You grew again I accused in amazement.He laughed, his smile widening impossibly. Six five, he announced with self-satisfaction. His voice was deeper, but it had the husky tone I remembered.Is it ever going to stop? I shook my head in disbelief. Youre huge.Still a beanpole, though. He grimaced. Come inside Youre getting all wet.He led the way, twisting his hair in his big hands as he walked. He pulled a rubber band from his hip pocket and wound it around the bundle.Hey, Dad, he called as he ducked t o get through the front door. Look who stopped by.Billy was in the tiny square living room, a phonograph record in his hands. He set the book in his lap and wheeled himself forward when he saw me.Well, what do you know Its good to see you, Bella.We shook hands. Mine was lost in his wide grasp.What brings you out here? Everything okay with Charlie?Yes, absolutely. I just wanted to see JacobI havent seen him in forever.Jacobs eyes brightened at my words. He was smiling so big it looked like it would hurt his cheeks.Can you stay for dinner? Billy was eager, too.No, Ive got to feed Charlie, you know.Ill call him now, Billy suggested. Hes always invited.I laughed to hide my discomfort. Its not like youll never see me again. I promise Ill be back again soonso much youll get sick of me. After all, if Jacob could fix the bike, someone had to teach me how to ride it.Billy chuckled in response. Okay, maybe next time.So, Bella, what do you want to do? Jacob asked.Whatever. What were you doing before I interrupted? I was peculiarly comfortable here. It was familiar, but only distantly. There were no painful reminders of the recent past.Jacob hesitated. I was just cope out to work on my car, but we can do something elseNo, thats perfect I interrupted. Id love to see your car.Okay, he said, not convinced. Its out back, in the garage.Even better, I thought to myself. I waved at Billy. See you later.A thick stand of trees and shrubbery concealed his garage from the house. The garage was no more than a parallel of big preformed sheds that had been bolted together with their interior walls knocked out. Under this shelter, raised on cinder blocks, was what looked to me like a holy automobile. I recognized the symbol on the grille, at least.What kind of Volkswagen is that? I asked.Its an old Rabbit1986, a classic.Hows it going?Almost finished, he said cheerfully. And then his voice dropped into a lower key. My dad made good on his promise last spring.Ah, I said.He seemed to understand my reluctance to open the subject. I tried not to remember last May at the prom. Jacob had been bribed by his father with money and car parts to deliver a message there. Billy wanted me to stay a safe distance from the most important person in my life. It turned out that his concern was, in the end, unnecessary. I was all too safe now.But I was going to see what I could do to change that.Jacob, what do you know about motorcycles? I asked.He shrugged. Some. My friend Embry has a dirt bike. We work on it together sometimes. Why?Well I pursed my lips as I considered. I wasnt sure if he could keep his mouth shut, but I didnt have many other options. I recently acquired a couple of bikes, and theyre not in the greatest condition. I wonder if you could get them running?Cool. He seemed truly pleased by the challenge. His face glowed. Ill give it a try.I held up one finger in warning. The thing is, I explained, Charlie doesnt sanction of motorcycles. Honestly, hed probably bust a vein in his forehead if he knew about this. So you cant tell Billy.Sure, sure. Jacob smiled. I understand.Ill pay you, I continued.This offended him. No. I want to help. You cant pay me.Well how about a trade, then? I was making this up as I went, but it seemed reasonable enough. I only need one bikeand Ill need lessons, too. So how about this? Ill give you the other bike, and then you can teach me.Swee-eet. He made the word into two syllables.Wait a secare you legal yet? Whens your natal day?You missed it, he teased, narrowing his eyes in mock resentment. Im sixteen.Not that your age ever stopped you before, I muttered. Sorry about your birthday.Dont worry about it. I missed yours. What are you, forty?I sniffed. Close.Well have a joint party to make up for it.Sounds like a date.His eyes sparkled at the word.I needed to reign in the enthusiasm before I gave him the wrong ideait was just that it had been a long time since Id felt so light and buoyant. The rarity of the feeling made it more difficult to manage.Maybe when the bikes are finishedour present to ourselves, I added.Deal. When will you bring them down?I bit my lip, embarrassed. Theyre in my truck now, I admitted.Great. He seemed to mean it.Will Billy see if we bring them around?He winked at me. Well be sneaky.We eased around from the east, sticking to the trees when we were in view of the windows, affecting a casual-looking stroll, just in case. Jacob unloaded the bikes swiftly from the truck bed, wheeling them one by one into the shrubbery where I hid. It looked too easy for himId remembered the bikes being much, much heavier than that.These arent half bad, Jacob appraised as we pushed them through the cover of the trees. This one here will actually be worth something when Im doneits an old Harley Sprint.That ones yours, then.Are you sure?Absolutely.These are going to take some cash, though, he said, frowning down at the blackened metal. Well have to save up for parts first.We nothing, I disagreed. I f youre doing this for free, Ill pay for the parts.I dont know he muttered.Ive got some money relieve. College fund, you know. College, schmollege, I thought to myself. It wasnt like Id saved up enough to go anywhere specialand besides, I had no desire to leave Forks anyway. What difference would it make if I skimmed a little bit off the top?Jacob just nodded. This all made perfect sense to him.As we skulked back to the makeshift garage, I contemplated my luck. Only a teenage boy would agree to this deceiving both our parents while repairing dangerous vehicles using money meant for my college education. He didnt see anything wrong with that picture. Jacob was a gift from the gods.